CNS INFECTIONS Done by: Areej Al Daur Aya Ferwana TO: Dr.Ayham Abu Laila Bara’a Sheek Al Eed Let’s begin with Bara’a Infections of CNS Bacterial Viral Fungal Protozoal Bacterial infection Bacterial infection in CNS may cause: • meningitis, • brain abscess, • subdural and epidural abscesses • empyema The diagnosis for the bacterial infection Basic observation: : • fever • severe headaches • stiff neck Blood test…. MRI scan… Spinal tap….. Examination of the CSF typically reveals: • elevated protein concentration, • a depressed glucose concentration, • a moderate leukocytosis composed mainly of lymphocytes. • The exception is the cerebellar syndrome, in which the protein concentration is elevated but there is no leukocytosis. • Cultures of CNS tissue and fluid are frequently sterile; however, bacteria are occasionally recovered from the CSF and from the brain granuloma. Transmission 1. Through contaminated food • (e.g., L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Brucella spp.), L. monocytogenes • a gram-positive, nonsporulating bacillus that is facultatively anaerobic and produces weak betahemolysis on blood agar. • Most human infection by L. monocytogenes is acquired by consumption of contaminated food. • L. monocytogenes, is able to enter the brain via a non hematogenous route by retrograde transport within cranial nerves. Brucella Species • Brucellae are small, nonmotile, and non spore-forming gram-negative coccobacilli. • human disease is caused predominantly by B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis • Human infection typically is acquired by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or cheese. • occupational exposure to infected animals, in particular sheep, goats, swine, camels, and cattle. • Brucella attacks the CNS and neurobrucellosis is found much less commonly in children than in adults. • permanent neurological deficits, particularly deafness, are common. Salmonella Species • Salmonella spp. are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile, non-lactose-fermenting, nonspore-forming bacilli. • In addition to headache, • CNS manifestations of enteric fever in the form of neuropsychiatric manifestations from encephalitis, including confusion and psychosis, occur in 5 to 10% of patients. 2. Through inhalation (M. tuberculosis and C. burnetii). M. tuberculosis • CNS infection by M. tuberculosis occurs in individuals of any age. • Most cases in children occurred between the ages of 6 months and 4 years, whereas adult cases clustered in patients aged 20 to 50 years. 3. Through the bite of infected arthropods • (R. rickettsii, R. prowazekii, and E. chaffeensis), What is meningitis? What is encephalitis? • Infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, is called meningitis. • inflammation of the brain itself is called encephalitis. • Myelitis is an infection of the spinal cord. • When both the brain and the spinal cord become inflamed, the condition is called encephalomyelitis Meningococcemia Prominent rash Diffuse purpuric lesions principally involving the extremities. Who is at risk for encephalitis and meningitis? People with weakened immune systems, including • HIV patients: • Cancer, • diabetes, • alcoholism • substance abuse disorder • prolonged use of steroid Bacterial meningitis • upper respiratory tract infection. • bacteria invade the meninges directly. • penetrating wound (surgical procedure) Streptococcus pneumoniae • Pneumococcal meningitis is the most common form of meningitis. • At particular risk are children under age 2 and adults with a weakened or depressed immune system. streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis Neisseria meningitidis • Meningococcal meningitis, is common in children ages 2-18. • Between 10 and 15 percent of cases are fatal. • with another 10-15 percent causing brain damage and other serious side effects. Haemophilus influenzae • Haemophilus meningitis was at one time the most common form of bacterial meningitis. • Fortunately, the Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine has greatly reduced the number of cases. Other forms….. • Listeria monocytogenes meningitis, which can cross the placental barrier and cause a baby to be stillborn or die shortly after birth. • Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis • Escherichia coli meningitis, which is most common in elderly adults and newborns and may be transmitted to a baby through the birth canal, How are these disorders transmitted? saliva, • • nasal discharge, • feces, • respiratory and throat secretions (often spread through kissing, coughing, or sharing drinking glasses or cigarettes). Brain abscess • inflammation and collection of infected material, within the Brain. • Brain abscess is relatively rare, accounting for 1 in 10,000 hospital admissions. • Single abscess occurs in 75% of cases, and the remainder of cases involve multiple abscesses. Causes: spread of bacteria from a nearby infection. • Otitis media. • sinusitis • an abscessed tooth. Other sources of bacteria include: • abdominal infection . • Endocarditis. • penetrating head wounds. Empyema………… Collection of purulent material confined within epidural or subdural space Subdural empyema usually occurs in association with: • sinusitis. • a severe ear infection, • a head injury, or a blood infection. Jaya suffers from cerebral empyema, a brain infection. She has already undergone a number of operations and continues to be treated symptoms The most common symptoms are: • headache • altered mental status • seizures • Fever and stiff neck. • vomiting, eye tremor, and uncoordinated movements. bacteria that cause brain abscesses can cause subdural empyemas. • streptococci, • staphylococci, • pseudomonas, • bacteroides, • enterobacter, • klebsiella, • H. influenzae, and E. coli. Go with Areej… Viral infections of the CNS Viral Encephalitis • Infection of brain parenchyma • Presents of neurological abnormalities distinguish it from meningitis California encephalitis • California encephalitis is an arbovirus-induced, arthropodborne encephalitis or encephalomeningitis. • The virus is transmitted to humans through a mosquito bite. arborviral encephalitis • Five types of arborviral encephalitis are found in the United States, including: I. eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) II. western equine encephalitis III. St Louis encephalitis IV. La Crosse encephalitis V. West Nile encephalitis. Eastern Equine Encephalitis • This infection is caused by an arthropod-borne alphavirus of the Togaviridae family Herpes Simplex Encephalitis • HSV remains dormant in the nervous system; rarely, it presents as encephalitis. • This encephalitis is a neurologic emergency and the most important neurologic sequela of HSV. • • • • The infection of neonates may occur: intrauterine during parturition breast- feeding • Prognosis is poor as hydranencephaly porencephalic cysts • HSE in other age groups causes • necrotizing encephalitis in the temporal and orbitofrontal lobes of the brain Japanese encephalitis • Japanese encephalitis is a neurologic infection closely related to St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile encephalitis. Viral meningitis • more than 85% of viral meningitis cases are caused by nonpolio enteroviruses. • Mumps, polio, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses (LCMVs) are now rare offenders in developed countries. • However, polio remains a major cause of debilitating myelitis in some regions of the world. Enteroviruses • Enteroviruses account for more than 85% of all cases of viral meningitis • include echoviruses, coxsackieviruses A and B, polioviruses, and the numbered enteroviruses. • majority of meningitis cases are caused by serotypes of coxsackievirus and echovirus Arboviruses • 5% of cases • Some of the important arboviruses include the eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses, from the Togavirus family; St. Louis encephalitis’ West Nile, Japanese B, and Murray Valley viruses, from the Flavivirus family; and California group and Jamestown Canyon viruses, from the Bunyaviridae family. • The most common clinical manifestation is meningoencephalitis rather than pure meningitis • Seizures are more common with arboviral meningitis than with any other group of viruses. Mumps • A member of the Paramyxovirus family, mumps virus was one of the first known causative agents of meningitis and meningoencephalitis Prion-Related Diseases Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jacob Diease. KURU • spongiform degeneration and astrocytosis but no inflammatory reaction random laughing headaches trembling joint pains • The victims present with cerebellar ataxia CREUTZFELDT - JACOB DISEASE (CJD) • The clinical manifestations include: spasticity ataxia visual loss CREUTZFELDT - JACOB DISEASE (CJD) • • • • involuntary movements mental changes speech problems personality changes cytomegalovirus The congenital infection with this virus is associated with: • microcephaly • hydrocephalus • seizures • optic atrophy • deafness Acquired infections have been associated with: • transverse myelitis • brachial plexitis • Guillain-Barré syndrome • adult encephalitis HIV • several neurological manifestations • At the stage of seroconversion • the patient may experience, general signs and symptoms of any viral illness • mild meningitis • Encephalitis • myelitis Go with Aya… Fungal infections of the CNS Fungal Meningitis • Cryptococcosis - most common fungal infection in CNS diagnosed in live patients – Cryptococcoma (mucinous pseudocyst) occurs almost entirely in the HIV population – 3-10mm, most commonly in the basal ganglia Cryptococcosis Fungal Meningitis • Candidiasis - most common fungal infection in CNS diagnosed in dead patients – rare in healthy individuals • Aspergillosis • Coccidiomycosis - normally causes meningitis • Aspergillosis – Abscess in the centrum ovale. Note many satellite lesions common among fungal infections. Mucor – aggressive and locally destructive infection. Fungal Meningitis • Insidious onset with progressive headache, fever, lethargy, mild neck stiffness • Complications: abcess, neuro deficits, ocular nerve damage (especially cryptococcus) • Usually pulmonary source, usually immunocompromised • Presents similar to TB meningitis Protozoal infections of the CNS Cysticercosis • Most common parasitic infection in CNS –Caused by larval stage of Taenia solium- pork tapeworm –Incubation period from months to decades • 83% of cases show symptoms within 7 years of exposure Cysticercosis • Common routes of infection –Food (usually vegetables) or water containing eggs from human feces –Fecal - Oral autoinfection (poor sanitation habits) –Autoinfection from reverse peristalsis Cysticercosis • Location: – meningeal 27-56% – parenchymal 30-63% – ventricular 12-18% (may cause hydrocephalus) – mixed - 23% • Clinical – symptoms of increased intracranial pressure Cysticercosis • serology –antibody titers significant if 1:64 in the serum and 1:8 in the CSF • CT scan –ring enhancing / calcified lesions, multiple Cystercercus cellulosae - (3-20 mm) regular round thin walled cyst, produces only mild inflammation larva in cyst Echinococcosis • “Hydatid Cyst” - caused by ingestion of the dog tapeworm • Treatment - Surgical excision without cyst rupture – Cyst is full of worms • Adjunctive treatment – Albendazole Echinococcus Cyst – intraoperative Toxoplasmosis • CNS manifestations –Mass lesion (most common) –Meningoencephalitis –Encephalopathy Toxoplasmosis • CT findings – Mass lesion - comprises 70-80% of cerebral masses in AIDS patients – large low density area with mild to moderate edema – most commonly in the basal ganglia – Often multiple – Most patients with CT diagnosed toxoplasmosis also have evidence of cerebral atrophy Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis Amoeba • Naegleria fowleri "the brain-eating amoeba") • Invade the central nervous system via the nose • Cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) Amoeba • PAM usually occurs in healthy children or young adults with no prior history of immune compromise who have recently been exposed to bodies of fresh water. Symptoms • Onset 1 to 14 days after exposure. • The initial symptoms include: – changes in taste and smell – headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and stiff neck. • Secondary symptoms include: – confusion, hallucinations, lack of attention, ataxia, and seizures. • The disease progresses rapidly 3 to 7 days, with death occurring from 7 to 14 days