Battle of Bull Run
(July 12, 1861)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 453-454
ID: Many come out for the “military picnic” as 30,000 Union
forces attack the Confederates at Bull Run (Manassas Junction)
30 miles south of Washington. Stonewall Jackson, aided by
reinforcements are able to defeat the Union in first major battle
Significance:
•
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Ends thought of a quick “90 day” war
Significant psychological and political consequences
– Victory worse than defeat for south
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Inflates overconfidence
Enlistments drop
Preparations slacken
Defeat better than victory for north
•
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Dispelled illusion of one-punch war
Caused northerners to buckle down to task at hand
Sets stage for war
George McClellan
7
Your Initials
Pg. 454-455
ID: 34 year old West Point graduate, Commander of the
Army of the Potomac
Significance:
•
Curious mixture of virtues and defects
•
Superb organizer, drill master, instilled positive morale
into his troops
•
Perfectionist who hated to sacrifice his troops
•
Too cautious
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Constantly believed he was out numbered when he wasn’t
Was forced by Lincoln to attack
Did not get along with Lincoln
–
Called him a “baboon”
The Army of the Potomac
7
Your Initials
Pg. 454-455
ID: The major Union force near Washington D.C.,
protected Washington and fought with Jackson and
Lee. First led by George McClellan then by U.S. Grant
Significance:
• In constant battle all throughout the war
• Engaged in major battles experiencing defeat
and victory
• Responsible for the capture of Richmond and
defeat of Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia
Unions 6 point “total war”
strategy
7
Your Initials
Pg. 457-458
ID: McClellan’s failure to defeat Lee in the Peninsula Campaign
and the Seven Days’ Battles forces the Union to develop a new
plan to win the war
Significance:
•
Slowly suffocate the South by blockading the coasts
•
Liberate the slaves
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Cut the Confederacy in half by taking controll of the
Mississippi
Chop Confederacy into pieces
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Undermine the economic foundations of the South
Send troops through Georgia and Carolinas
Decapitate the government by Capturing Richmond
Try everywhere to engage the enemy’s main strength
and grind it into submission
Battle of the Monitor and
Merrimack
(March 9, 1862)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 459
ID: First battle of iron-clad ships in the Chesapeake,
outcome was a draw
Significance:
• Merrimack had been defeating Union ships
and threatened to single handedly break the
Union blockade
• Battle signals the end of wooden warships
Battle of Antietam
(Sept. 17, 1862)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 459-460
ID: The Confederates on a winning streak move into Maryland
and face off with the Union and a newly restored McClellan as its
leader. Outcome was a military draw but psychological win for
Union
Significance:
•
McClellan luckily found Lee’s battle plans before
fighting
•
Bloodiest single day battle in American History
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Lee has to retreat back into Virginia
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Was hoping victory would encourage foreign nations to
intervene and more states to join
McClellan does not pursue Lee into Virginia
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Over 22,000 casualties
Is removed from command for good
Victory allows Lincoln opportunity to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
(Jan. 1 1863)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 460-462
ID: Lincoln declares slaves “forever free” in states still in rebellion
against the Union, allows for blacks to serve in the Army.
Significance:
•
Does not free any slaves in the Union
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•
Thousands of slaves flee to Union armies in the South
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Where he could free the slaves he would not; where he would free
the slaves he could not
Devastating to Southern economy
Many Northern soldiers further convinced of evils of slavery
Strengthens moral cause of Union at home and abroad
Changes nature of the war; removes any chance of
negotiated settlement; it was a fight to the finish
Abolitionists did not think it went far enough; large
numbers in Old Northwest thought it went way too far
13th Amendment
7
Your Initials
Pg. 461
ID: Amendment that legally frees the slaves, ratified in
1865
Significance:
• Official end of slavery in the United States
Home Guards
7
Your Initials
Pg. 463
ID: Confederate troops assembled to put down any
slave insurrection
Significance:
• Kept troops from the front lines
• Indication of slavery as a limiting factor in the
war effort
• Every day forms of resistance diminished
productivity and undermined discipline.
–
Slowdown and strikes
Battle of Fredericksburg
(Dec. 13 1862)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 464
AP Review Book pg. 270
ID: Newly appointed General Ambrose Burnside attacks
Lee’s entrenched position at Fredericksburg VA; 12,000
Union casualties and 5,000 Confederate
Significance:
• Lincoln learns that overly aggressive Generals
can be more costly than cautious ones
• Generals slowly learning to adapt tactics based
on new technology
• No prospect for victory on either side
• Lee looks to continue on the offensive
Battle of Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 464-466
ID: General George Meade, new commander of the
Army of the Potomac defeats Lee’s invasion into
Pennsylvania with over 50,000 combined casualties
Significance:
•
Turning point of the war
•
Marks the northernmost point reached by the
Confederates
•
Another Southern win would add strength to
northerners calling for peace and encourage foreign
intervention
•
Was the last real chance for South to win the War
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Good chunk of Lee’s army destroyed
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Jefferson Davis had sent a peace delegation to negotiate on
the strength of a southern victory
Loss gives Lincoln/Union the upper hand
Never goes on offensive again
Southern cause is doomed
Ulysses S. Grant’s personal
history
7
Your Initials
Pg. 466-467
ID: Grant is identified by Lincoln as the man to lead the
Army of the Potomac after his victories in the west
despite parts of his past
Significance:
• Mediocre student at West Point
• Fought creditably in Mexican War
• Resigned from Army to avoid court martial
for drunkenness
• Became clerk in brother’s leather shop
• When war breaks out becomes a colonel in
the volunteer forces and quickly climbs the
ranks
• Bold, resourceful and tenacious leader
Battle at Shiloh
(April 6-7, 1862)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 466
ID: Grant is thwarted in his attempt to capture the main
railroad junction in the Mississippi Valley
Significance:
• Grant, fresh off victory at Fort Donelson in
Tennessee moves to quickly cut-off the
western part of the Confederacy
• Grant unable to capture railroad shows there
will be no quick war in the west.
David Farragut
7
Your Initials
Pg. 467
ID: Union Naval Officer captures port of New Orleans
Significance:
• Controlling New Orleans allows Union to be
able to control the Mississippi
• Enables Grant to take Vicksburg and Port
Hudson which cut Confederacy in two
• “Damn the Torpedoes, full steam ahead”
Vicksburg and Port Hudson
(July 4, 1863 & July 9, 1863)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 467
ID: The last two Confederate hold outs on the
Mississippi River
Significance:
•
Vicksburg protects South’s lifeline to western
resources
•
Grant’s siege of Vicksburg is his best-fought
campaign of the war
•
Confederacy is split in two
•
Allows for Northern flood of goods to come down
Mississippi for trade
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Keeps Border states and old northwest happy
Diplomatic scales tip back to Union
All Confederate hopes for foreign help are lost
Grant continues campaign in west
Sherman’s march through the
south
7
Your Initials
Pg. 467-469
ID: General William Tecumseh Sherman is selected to lead
invasion of Georgia after working with Grant to capture
Tennessee. After capturing Atlanta, he moves thru Georgia to
Savannah, then North all the way into North Carolina
Significance:
•
Cuts a 6 mile wide path of destruction through the
south
•
Goal to destroy supplies destined for Confederate
Army and to weaken morale of the men at the front by
waging war on their homes through “total war”
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March is a success for Union
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Burned buildings, tore up railroads, lived off the land, pillaged
their way through the south, not totally in control of men
Confederate desertions increase
Brutal methods seen as shortening the war in the longrun
Copperheads
7
Your Initials
Pg. 470
ID: extreme “Peace Democrats” in the North who were
anti-War and anti-Lincoln
Significance:
• Openly obstructed the war through attacks
against the draft, against Lincoln and
against Emancipation
• Strongest in the southern parts of Illinois,
Ohio and Indiana
• Representative of the political difficulties
faced by Lincoln at home during the war
Election of 1864
Who ran, who won, why
7
Your Initials
Pg. 470-473
ID: The Republicans join with the War Democrats to create the
Union Party and nominate Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
Democrats nominate George McClellan. Lincoln wins landslide
electoral college victory, but has close popular vote victory
Significance:
•
Lincoln encountered strong opposition at first, talks of
replacing him on the ticket
•
Reelection was in doubt until a string of Union victories
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Farragut in Mobile AL., Sherman in Atlanta, Sheridan in VA.
At election time, Northern soldiers are allowed to go
home to vote and support Lincoln at the polls
“Bayonet vote” helps carry Lincoln to Victory
Crushing loss for Confederacy
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•
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Last chance for victory
Grant’s prosecution of the war
7
Your Initials
Pg. 473-474
ID: Grant given command of Army of the Potomac after
Gettysburg. Overall basic strategy was to assail the enemy’s
armies simultaneously so they could not assist one another and
could be destroyed piecemeal. “When in doubt, fight”
Significance:
• With 100,000 men he engages Lee in the
Wilderness of Virginia, suffers 50,000 casualties
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North appalled by “blood and guts” fighting
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More casualties than Lee has men, although rates
are similar
Grant called a butcher, but casualty rate was 1 to 10,
Lee’s 1 to 5
Grant fights Lee’s war of attrition
Determination will keep Lee from going on
offensive and staging a comeback
Appomattox Courthouse
(April 9, 1865)
7
Your Initials
Pg. 474
ID: Site of the surrender of Lee’s Army of Northern
Virginia to Grant
Significance:
• Lee on the run after the fall of Richmond with
Grant following closely behind
• Lee chooses surrender over wishes of
Jefferson Davis to resort to guerilla war
• Grant gives Lee and his men generous
surrender terms
• War will continue on for a few weeks
• Recognized as place where Civil War ends
John Wilkes Booth
7
Your Initials
Pg. 474-475
ID: Half-crazed, fanatically pro-Southern actor who
shoots Lincoln in the head at Ford’s Theater in
Washington on April 14, 1865
Significance:
• Mastermind of an attempt to decapitate the
Union government
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•
•
Tried to kill Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State
Edwin Stanton
Found in farm house in Caroline county VA
and is killed by Federal troops.
His attempt to help the south will wind up
causing more problems during reconstruction
Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson
7
Your Initials
Pg. 438,453,456,464
ID: Confederate General with a hand in many Southern
victories, died after “friendly fire” incident at Battle of
Chancellorsville
Significance:
• Lee’s chief lieutenant and “Right Arm”
• Gifted tactical theorist and master of speed
and deception
• Earned nickname at Battle of Bull Run
• Caused Lincoln to recall McClellan’s army
fearing an attack on D.C. by Jackson
Robert E. Lee
7
Your Initials
Pg. 438, 456-57,
459-60, 464, 466
ID: Confederate leader of the Army of Northern Virginia,
refused command of Union armies, greatest Southern
General in the War
Significance:
• Hated slavery but could not take up arms against
Virginia
• Brilliant commander who nearly was able to win
the war for the South
• Chivalric sense of honor embodied the Southern
ideal
• Helped to bring and end to fighting by resisting
calls for guerilla warfare at end of war
Aftermath of the Civil War
7
Your Initials
Pg. 476-477
ID: War’s costs close to all other wars combined.
Significance:
• Over 600,000 died in action or due to disease
• Over 1 million killed or seriously wounded
• $15 Billion in direct costs
• Extreme states’ righters were crushed
• Nullification and secession were laid to rest
• Preservation of democratic ideals
• Country united politically but still divided
spiritually
• American has long way to go to make promise of
freedom a reality
• Difficult work of reconstruction begins