An Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
Mr. Knowles
Anatomy and Physiology
Liberty Senior High School
A Brief Outline
I. The Sciences of Anatomy and
Physiology
A. Definitions
B. Relationship
II. Common Themes in Anat. and Phys.
A. Structure and Function
B. Levels of Organization
C. Homeostasis and System Regulation
What is Anatomy and
Physiology?
• Anatomy
“to cut open”- the
study of internal
and external
structures.
Examples are gross
and microscopic
anatomy.
• Physiology
Study of how
anatomical
structures perform
vital functions.
Examples are
physiologists and
therapists.
Two Perspectives
• The Anatomiststudies a truck by
measuring,
photographing,
and taking apart
its various parts.
Two Perspectives
• The Physiologistwould study the truck
by driving it, testing
the brakes to
determine how they
work, and figure out
how the engine
performs.
Early Anatomists
• Hippocrates- Greek
philosopher and
physician, 400 B.C.
• Hippocratic Oath
• Four “Humours” of
the body.
• Observations, little
Experimentation
Greek and Roman Surgical
Instruments
Early Black Bag
Claudius Galenus (Galen)
• Roman anatomist
during the 1st
Century.
• Described the
human anatomy in
detail.
• Little
understanding of
physiology.
Galen’s Office
Galen’s Specimens
Vesalius
• 16th Century anatomist
who provided exquisite
detail of systems.
• Experimentation with
domestic animals. To
determine function.
• Assumed Galen to be
correct; not questioned.
Vesalius at Work!
William Harvey
• 17th Century English
anatomist who
questioned some of
Galen’s conclusions.
• Determined how the
CV system worked in
1628 publication.
• Used
experimentation to
prove CV function.
1st Theme: Structure
and Function are Related
Structure
Function
Form and Function are
Related
• Example: the human elbow
joint- ulna (forearm) and the
humerus bone of upper arm
form a hinge joint.
• Both at macroscopic and
microscopic levels.
•
•
•
•
•
2nd Theme: Levels of
Organization
Atoms/chemicals form the Molecular Level.
Organelles organized into the Cellular Level.
Cells are organized into a Tissue Level.
Several tissues form the Organ Level.
Several organs form the Organ System
Level.
• Organ systems function together for the
Organism
Levels of Organization
• Functional and structural
relationship between the
levels.
• Example: The
Cardiovascular System.
What functional
characteristics must all
organisms do in order to
live?
There are 8 functions.
Design a creature!
1. Maintain Boundaries
• Organisms must
maintain boundaries to
separate internal and
external environments.
• Protection from
pathogens, dessication
(loss of water), harmful
chemicals.
• Regulation.
2. Movement
• Includes moving the
body through the
external environment
and materials
through the internal
environment.
• Even at the cellular
level.
• Muscular and
skeletal.
3. Responsiveness
• Sense changes
in the
environment
(stimuli) and
react to them.
• Nervous,
muscular, and
skeletal
4. Digestion
• Breaking down
ingested foods
into molecules
the body can use
for growth and
maintenance.
• Digestive,
cardiovascular,
endocrine.
5. Metabolism
• Breaking down
complex molecules
 simple ones for
building blocks.
• Making simple
ones  complex
ones.
• Simple Molecules
 Energy
• Several systems.
6. Excretion
• Removing toxic
solid, liquid, and
gases.
• Examples are
indigestible solids,
urea, and CO2.
• Digestive, urinary,
and respiratory
systems.
7. Reproduction
• Occurs at the
cellular and
organismal
levels.
• Includes the
reproductive,
endocrine,
nervous, and
muscular.
8. Growth
• Increase in size of body or tissue.
• Increase in the number of cells in all
systems.
Some Organ Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Integumentary
Endocrine
Muscle
Skeletal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Processing center
Internal transport
Gas exchange
Protection, regul.
Communication
Movement
Support
How are Organ Systems
Related?
Processing
Centers
CV
System
Respiratory
System
Integumentary
System
Interrelated Systems
Link to the Homeostasis
Lecture
Homeostatic Regulation
• Homeostasis- The existence of a stable internal
environment.
• Has 3 Parts:
Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to a
particular environmental change or stimulus.
Control Center: receives and processes the
information supplied by the receptor.
Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the
commands of the control center and whose activity
opposes or enhances the original stimulus.
Homeostasis in Your House!
Show Me Some
Homeostasis!
Two Types of Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback: • Positive Feedback:
when the effector(s) initial stimulus
activated by the
produces a response
control center
that exaggerates or
oppose or eliminate
enhances
its
effects.
stimulus.
• Labor Contractions
• Many examples;
most common
• Blood Clotting
feedback system.
Physiological Example
Show me an example of
homeostasis!
The New Living BodyHomeostasis, 1995, VT
574.1 HOM