BASIC ANHYDRIDE An oxygen-containing compound that reacts
with water producing a basic solution.
Metal Oxides = Metal+Oxygen
when added to water
produce BASIC solutions.
Na2O(s)2Na+(aq)+O2-(aq)
O2-+H2O2OHCompleting the balancing:
Na2O(s)+H2O2NaOH
ACIDIC ANHYDRIDE-An oxygen-containing compound that reacts
with water producing an acidic solution.
NONMETAL OXIDES=NONMETAL + OXYGEN when
added to water produce ACIDIC solutions.
The nonmetal oxides you should know are
the SOX, COX and NOX.
NOX from combustion reactions such as in an
automobile cause some N2 to react with O2 in the air.
N2 + O22NO
N2 + 2O22NO2
2NO+O22NO2
2NO2+H2OHNO2+HNO3
SOX from coal and oil burning
S + O2 SO2
SO2 +H2OH2SO3
2SO2 +O22SO3
SO3 + H2OH2SO4
COX from fossil fuels, etc.
CO2 + 2H2OH3O+ + HCO3-
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Use Of Prefixes
• In Organic Chemistry, you will only be using the
prefixes for one to ten. All prefixes have the
ending of “yl” but is removed for specific
families/groups. Details later.
• 1 – meth
6 - hex
• 2 – eth
7 - hept
• 3 – prop
8 - oct
• 4 – but
9 - non
• 5 – pent
10 - dec
Alkanes
CnH2n+2
Saturated (all single bonds)
Ending = ANE
Chemical Formula
• CH4
• C2H6
Structural
Condensed
CH4
Name
Methane
CH3- CH3 Ethane
Alkenes
• Double Bond between at least 2 carbons
in the chain.
• When naming keep the double bond
number as small as possible
• Ending = ENE
• CnH2n
Rules for naming alkenes
from structures
a. Find the longest continuous chain of carbon
atoms containing the double bond.
b. This becomes the "root" name, with side chains
named alphabetically by position and length.
c. Number the "root" chain from the end that
gives the double bond the lowest number.
d. The lowest numbered C attached to the double
bond is given in the "root" name
Rules for drawing chains
• a. Draw the structural formula for the "root"
name, placing the double bond at the proper
location.
• b. Add the side chains at the appropriate "root"
carbon number.
• c. Fill in the hydrogens so that every carbon has
four bonds except the two where the double
bond is located.
• d. Example 1: 4,7-dimethyl-2-octene.
4,7-dimethyl-2-octene
• You know the basic structure from the root
name “Octene” (Octene = 8 carbons in the
chain, number from right end.)
• The 4,7 indicate that there is a methyl
groud (single carbon group) attached to
the 4th and the 7th carbon
C-C-C-C-C-C=C-C
|
|
C
C
Try this one
C-C a
C-C b
|
|
c C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C d
|
C-C-C e
Chemical Formula
• C2H4
Structural
Condensed
Name
CH2=CH2 Ethene
• C3H6
CH2=CH-CH3 Propene
• C4H8
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 1-Butene
• C4H8
CH3-CH=CH-CH3 2-Butene
Naming Organic Compounds
containing more than Carbon
and Hydrogen
• Write the structural formula for
1,1,1-trichloroethane
• This is a two carbon chain (eth) with no double
bonds (ane). There are three chlorine atoms all
on the first carbon atom.
CH3–CCl3
More than 1 double bond
1,2 Propadiene
1,3 Butadiene
Try the following:
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
2- pentene
3-methyl-1-butene
3,3-dimethyl-1- pentene
1-chloro-2-iodo-5,6-dimethyl2,3,4-heptatriene
Alkynes
• Triple Bond between at least 2 carbons in
the chain.
• When naming keep the triple bond number
as small as possible
• Ending = YNE
• CnH2n-2
Chemical Formula
• C2H2
• C3H4
Structural
Condensed
Name
CH=CH Ethyne
CH=C-CH3 Propyne
• C4H6
CH=CH-CH2-CH3 1-Butyne
• C4H6
CH3-C=C-CH3 2-Butyne
Try these ones!!
• 1. 3-methyl-1- butyne
• 2. 3-methyl-4-ethyl-5,7-nonadiyne
• 3. 7-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-decadiyne
!!!!!Alcohols!!!!!
An Alcohol is an organic
compound containing an OH
group.
Rules for naming Alcohols
• Number the hydrocarbon chain to give the LOWEST
possible number to the OH group.
• Place the number IMMEDAITELY before the name
of the parent hydrocarbon, separated by a dash.
• Alkyl groups (and their numbers) are placed IN
FRONT of the number for the OH.
• Indicate the presence of an OH by changing the “e”
ending from the hydrocarbon chain to “ol.”
Carboxcylic acids
O
R – C – OH
O
H – C – OH
O
CH3 – C – OH
ethanoic acid
O
OR
CH – OH methanoic acid
What have you noticed????
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All organic compounds contain CARBON
All organic compounds contain HYDROGEN
They can contain other elements.
They tend not to have a charge
Below are 3 ways Organic Compounds are often drawn.
Ball and Stick
Model
Structual
Formula
Space-filling Model