CHAPTER 10
AMERICA CLAIMS
AN EMPIRE
Section 1
Imperialism and America
Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the
century, global competition causes the United
States to expand.
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Section1:IMPERIALISM AND
AMERICA
I. American Expansionism
A. Throughout the 19th century
America expanded their control
of the continent to the Pacific
Ocean (Manifest Destiny)
B. Global Competition
1. Imperialism —policy of
extending control over weaker
nations
C. In 1800s, Europeans divide
up most of Africa, compete for
China
D. Japan joins race for China;
U.S. decides to expand overseas
E. WHY IMPERIALISM?
1) Desire for Military strength – Mahan advised strong navy
a) Political rivalries – Each nation wanted a larger
empire than the other, which led to more world
power.
b) Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to
compete and influence world
c) U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest
naval power – began under T. Roosevelt
2) Thirst for new markets – to spur economy &
trade.
a) Industrial countries needed raw materials and markets
for their surplus goods.
• U.S. farms, factories produce more than
Americans can consume
• U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods
b) Foreign trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment,
depression
3) Belief in Cultural Superiority
a) Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in
superiority of Anglo-Saxons, Manifest Destany
- US leaders believed their culture was superior to any in
the world (Western).
Alfred T. Mahan
U.S. naval officer who
helped convince
American leaders of
the importance of
maintaining a large
navy and overseas
territories.
Anglo-Saxonism
• Idea that came from Social
Darwinism
• English-Speaking nations were
superior
–Character
–Ideas
–Systems of Government
• Destined to dominate the planet
F. Growth of a Modern Navy
1. Americans became interested in
protecting their interests overseas.
2. This required a navy that could
compete with Europeans.
II. THE U.S. ACQUIRES
ALASKA
Early Expansion
A. William Seward —Secretary of
State under Lincoln, Johnson
B. 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska
from Russia for $7.2 million
1. has trouble convincing House to
fund purchase
Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,”
“Seward’s Folly”
C. Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil
and after Seward's death, gold was
discovered in Alaska.
C. Became a state in 1959
III. U.S. TAKES HAWAII
A. The Cry for Annexation
ince 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in
Hawaii on way to China, India
1820s, Yankee missionaries found
schools, churches on islands
B. Mid-1800s, American-owned
sugar plantations 75% of islands’
wealth
C. 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to
allow naval base at Pearl Harbor
1. becomes refueling station
D.1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates
duty-free (tax free) status of
Hawaiian sugar
E. Planters call for U.S. to annex
islands so will not have to pay
duty
H. Importance of Hawaii
1. Midway between the U.S. and Asia.
2. Climate allowed for growing sugar, fruit.
3. U.S. began trade and settlement of
Hawaii in 1887.
The End of a Monarchy
F. Queen Liliuokalani removed by business groups-1893
G. Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole
•President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power
to queen
•recognizes Republic of Hawaii
H. Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii
U.S. territory 1898
1. Annexation-to add on
http://www.history.com/topics/usstates/hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani
Location of Hawaii
SECTION 2: THE SPANISH
AMERICAN WAR
I. Cubans Rebel
against Spain
A. During 1868–1878
Cuban war for
independence, American
sympathies with Cuba
B. 1886 abolition of slavery
leads to U.S. investment in
sugar cane
Cuba is just 90 miles south
of Florida
C. Latin American
1. U.S leaders wanted more trade and
cooperation with Latin America.
2. Wanted to show Europe that US was
the dominant power in Latin America
3. Cuba is in Latin America.
Latin America
The SpanishAmerican War
CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR
INDEPENDENCE
D. José Martí —poet,
journalist—launches second
revolution in 1895
1. Cuban revolutionary leader
• Raised money from Americans
• Planned an invasion of Cuba
• Guerrilla campaign destroys
American-owned sugar mills,
plantations
E. U.S. public opinion split:
1. business wants to support
Spain
2. others favor Cuban cause- a
revolt against colonial
Marti
(Marti deliberately destroyed
property, including American sugar
plants, hoping to provoke American
intervention)
Economic Ties to Cuba
Cuban sugar imported into the U.S.
Investments in Cuban mines, railroads
and sugar plantations
II. WAR FEVER ESCALATES
Spain Takes Action
•1896, General Weyler sent to
Cuba to restore order
•Puts about 300,000 Cubans in
concentration camps
Headline Wars
A. Newspapers exploit Spain’s
abusive actions in circulation
war
1. Yellow journalism —
sensational writing used to lure,
enrage readers
B. Newspaper publishers
William Randolph Hearst (New
York Journal) and Joseph
Pulitzer (New York World)
exaggerated Spanish atrocities
and brutality in “Headline Wars”
Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and
Hearst escalating and instigating war
between the U.S. and Spain
Yellow Journalism
writers exaggerate
or make up stories to
attract readers.
Support for Cuban rebels
Example of Yellow Journalism
Modern yellow journal
Joseph Pulitzer
Publisher of the New
York World.
William Randolph Hearst
• Publisher of the
New York Journal.
McKinley’s Position on the War
C. Headlines increase American
sympathy for independent Cuba
D. McKinley wants to avoid war,
tries diplomacy to resolve crisis
E. Private letter by Spanish
minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme
published= The de Lôme Letter
1. calls McKinley weak, swayed
by public
F. Spain apologizes, de Lôme
resigns; American public angry
U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES
Before
After
G. Early in 1888, U.S.S.
Maine sent to pick up, or
evacuate, U.S. citizens,
protect U.S. property
H. February 15, 1898 the
Maine blows up in Havana
harbor; newspapers blame
Spain
I. A navy report Spanish
mine had sunk the ship.
(More than 260 men were
killed)
III. WAR ERUPTS WITH
SPAIN
A. Congress
declared war on April
19, 1898.
B.“Remember the
Maine!” became a
rallying cry for U.S.
intervention in Cuba
War with Spain Erupts
“Remember the Maine!”
•American people blamed Spain.
•McKinley was under tremendous
pressure to declare war.
The U.S. Declares War
U.S.S. Maine
The Maine
Explodes
Unknown artist ,
1898
Notice the men
flying dramatically
through the air
Wreckage of the Maine
“Remember the Maine!”
Jingoism
• An attitude of aggressive nationalism.
• Very strong after the Maine incident.
C. Causes of Spanish
American war
1. American support for Cuban rebels
2. Yellow journalism
3. Explosion of the USS Maine
D. War on Two Fronts
U.S. forces fought the Spanish in
two areas: (colonies)
1. A land war in Cuba.
2. A naval battle in the Spanish
Colony of the Philippines.
War on Two Fronts
E. Advantages over Spain
1. Newer and better battleships
2. Spanish were poorly trained
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
F. The War in the Philippines
1. First battle with Spain occurs
in Spanish colony of the
Philippines
2. Commodore George Dewey
destroys Spanish fleet in Manila
harbor- defeated the Spanish in
the Battle of Manila Bay
3. Filipinos, led by revolutionary
leader Emilio Aguinaldo, support
Dewey
4. August 1898, Spanish troops
in Manila surrender to U.S.
George Dewey
• American Admiral
who defeated the
Spanish in the Battle
of Manila Bay.
Emilio Aguinaldo
•Filipino revolutionary
leader.
•Unrest developed
between Filipino
revolutionaries and the
Americans.
Philippines
I. THE WAR IN THE
CARIBBEAN
1. U.S. blockades Cuba;
Spanish fleet in Santiago
de Cuba harbor followed
by a land invasion by
Roosevelt’s Rough Rider
2. Spanish fleet tries to
escape blockade, is
destroyed in naval battle
3. U.S. troops invade
Puerto Rico soon after
4. Unlike navy, U.S. army
has small professional force,
many volunteers
a) volunteers ill-prepared, illsupplied
Cuba
J. Rough Riders
1.Rough Riders —Leonard Wood,
Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer
cavalry
2. Roosevelt declared hero of attack on
strategic San Juan Hill
http://www.history.com/topics/spanishamerican-war
Theodore Roosevelt
• Second in command
of the Rough Rider
unit.
• http://www.history.com
/videos/rooseveltfights-in-spanishamericanwar#roosevelt-fightsin-spanish-americanwar
Roosevelt and the Rough
Riders
Charge of the Rough Riders
U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF
PARIS
K. Spain, U.S. sign armistice August
1898; meet in Paris to make treatyTreaty of Paris
1. ending what Secretary of State
John Hay called “a splendid little
war”
2. Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam,
Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines
$20 million
Debate over the Treaty
L. Treaty of Paris touches off great
debate over imperialism
M. McKinley tries to justify
annexation of Philippines on moral
grounds
N. Opponents give political, moral,
economic arguments against
Treaty of Paris, 1898
SECTION 3: ACQUIRING NEW
LANDS
I. Military Rule
A. During Spanish-American War,
General Nelson
A. Miles occupies Puerto Rico
1. People split on independence,
statehood, self-government under
U.S.
2. important to the U.S.
strategically as post in the
Caribbean, for protection of future
canal.
B.1900, Foraker Act sets up civil
government
1. president appoints governor,
upper house
2. 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S.
citizens; elect both houses
II. CUBA AND THE UNITED
STATES
A. U.S. recognizes Cuban independence
from Spain
B. U.S. makes Cuba add Platt
Amendment to its 1901 constitution
C. Platt Amendment does not allow Cuba
to go into debt; also stipulates
1. no treaties that let foreign power
control land
2. U.S. has right to intervene
3. U.S. can buy, lease land for navy
D. D. Cuba had become a
“protectorate” of the U.S.
1. Protectorate —country whose affairs
partly controlled by stronger one
Today the U.S. has a
prison in Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba
Cuba and the United States
Protecting American Business Interests
E. U.S. wants strong political presence to protect
American businesses
F. Some object to colonial entanglements, do not
think colonies needed
G. U.S. state department continues to push for
control of Latin America
NEXT
III. FILIPINOS REBEL
Philippine-American War
A. Filipinos outraged at Treaty of Paris
call for annexation
B. 1899, rebel leader, Emilio Aguinaldo
leads fight for independence against
U.S.
C. The 3-year war claimed 20,000
Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and
$400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S.
paid for the land)
Aftermath of the War
D. U.S. president appoints governor who
appoints upper house
1. people elect lower house
E. July 4, 1946, Philippines become
independent
U.S. troops fire on rebels
Pacific Expansion
• U.S. leaders saw the economic benefit
of starting trade with Japan and China.
IV. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN
CHINA
U.S. Interest in China
A. U.S. sees China as vast
potential market, investment
opportunity
B. France, Britain, Japan, Russia
have settlements, spheres of
influence - area where a foreign
country controlled the economic
development-in China
C. U.S. Secretary of State John
Hay issues Open Door Notes
= ask imperialist nations to share
trading rights (free trade) with
U.S.
Other powers reluctantly agree
Foreign
nations were
opening the
door to
China’s trade
Spheres of Influence- An area in
China where a foreign country controlled the
economic development.
BOXER REBELLION
D. Europeans dominate
most large Chinese cities
E. Chinese form secret
societies, including
Boxers, to expel
foreigners
F. Boxers kill hundreds of
foreigners, Chinese
converts to ChristianityBOXER REBELLION
G. U.S., Britain, France,
Germany, Japan put down
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese Boxer
Execution of Boxers
V. AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS
IN ASIA
Protecting American Rights
A. Hay issues new Open Door
notes saying U. S. will keep
trade open- Open Door
Policies
B. Open Door policy reflects
beliefs about U.S. economy:
1. growth depends on exports
2. U.S. has right to intervene
keep markets open
3. closing of area threatens U.S.
survival or America’s survival
depended on access to foreign
markets
VI. The Impact of U.S. Territorial
Gains
A. The Anti-Imperialist League
B. McKinley’s reelection confirms most
Americans favor imperialism
C. Anti-Imperialist League has prominent
people from different fields
D. For various reasons, agree wrong to
rule others without their consent
SECTION 4: AMERICA AS A
WORLD POWER
The Nobel
Peace Prize
is awarded
annually
I. Teddy Roosevelt and the World
Roosevelt does not want Europeans
to control world economy, politics
A. Two events signaled America’s
climb toward being the#1 world
power
1. Roosevelt negotiates settlement
between Russia and Japan who had
been at War =Treaty of
Portsmouth:
Japan gets Manchuria, Korea
•U.S., Japan continue diplomatic
talks
•pledge to respect each other’s
possessions
a) won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel
Peace Prize
2) Construction of Panama Canal
II. THE PANAMA CANAL
A. U.S. wants canal to cut travel
time of commercial, military ships
U.S. buys French company’s route
through Panama (Columbia
controls)
B. Negotiates with Colombia to
build Panama Canal; talks break
down
C. French company agent helps
organize Panamanian rebellion
1. U.S. gives military aid
D. U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S.
pays $10 million for Canal Zone
“The shortcut”
BUILDING THE PANAMA
CANAL 1904-1914
Constructing the Canal
E. Construction of canal is one
of world’s greatest engineering
feats
1. fight diseases, geographic
obstacles
2. at height, 43,400 workers
employed
Cost- $380 million
Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died)
Time – Construction took 10 years
Voyages were cut shorter
Panama Canal
This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line
(canal) cutting across the middle of Panama
Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal,
which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000
Election of 1896
A. McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan.
B. McKinley named Roosevelt Vice
President.
“Cross of Gold” Speech
Election of 1896
William McKinley
William Jennings Bryan
Election of 1896
C. McKinley’s Assassination
1. McKinley was shot at a pubic
appearance by anarchist Leon Czolgosz.
2. Died a few days later.
3. Roosevelt at age 42 became the
youngest President.
• http://www.history.com/videos/theodoreroosevelts-rise-to-presidency#theodoreroosevelts-rise-to-presidency
McKinley’s Assassination
Sketch of Roosevelt’s
Inauguration
III. The Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary
A. Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America
defaults on loans
B. Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they
stay out of Latin America
C. U.S. would intervene militarily against any European
power to keep Latin America stable (big stick diplomacy).
D. Roosevelt Corollary(an addition to the Monroe Doctrine)U.
S. to use force to protect economic interests
1. U.S.A. was the “policeman” of the Americas
NEXT
E. Monroe Doctrine (1823)
U.S. President James Monroe said all of the
Western Hemisphere was closed to
European colonization.
• Early 1900s, U.S. exercises police power
on several occasions, ie. Nicaragua
F. Under Taft get dollar diplomacy —U.S.
guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business
What does this quote mean?
“Speak softly and carry a big
stick.”
– Theodore Roosevelt
G. “Big Stick” Diplomacy
1. Roosevelt’s foreign policy.
2. He wanted America to become a major
player in the world.
Western Hemisphere is off limits
according to the Monroe Doctrine
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
H. Great White Fleet
New fleet of modern battleships that
Roosevelt had sail around the world as a
display of American might.
The Real Great White Fleet
Map of the Great White Fleet’s
voyage
• http://www.history.com/photos/teddyroosevelt/photo4#
Political Cartoon
Roosevelt during an African
safari
IV. Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
The Mexican Revolution
A. President Wilson adopts missionary diplomacy —U.S. has
moral responsibility not to recognize regimes that are
oppressive, undemocratic
B. Under dictator Díaz, much U.S. investment in Mexico
1911, peasants overthrow Díaz
C. General Huerta takes over government
• Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government
D. Huerta regime falls; nationalist Carranza new president
Rebellion in Mexico
F. Francisco “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata oppose
Carranza
G. Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government; Villa threatens
reprisals
1. Villa’s men kill Americans
2. Raid into New Mexico
Continued . . .
NEXT
John J. Pershing
Chasing Villa
H. Under President Wilson’s
orders, Brig. Gen. John J.
Pershing leads force to capture
Villa
I. U.S. faces war in Europe,
wants peace on southern border
1. Wilson orders Pershing home
VII. presidential foreign
policies
A. Taft - Dollar diplomacy
–Trade with Latin America
B. Wilson - Missionary Diplomacy
–Promoting democracy
Get your STR questions out!
66. During what time period did Imperialism occur?
late 1800s-early 1900s
67. What president is most associated with Imperialism?
Teddy Roosevelt
68. What is the term for powerful countries dominating
weaker countries economically, politically, and militarily?
Imperialism
69. What was the US’s effort to keep trade with China open
to all countries?
Open Door Policy
70. The taking of Hawaii by the US was largely to aid
planters of what crop?
Sugar cane
71. What was the method used by the NY World and NY
Journal of exaggerating news stories to sell
newspapers?
Yellow journalism
72. What was the name of the US battleship that sunk in
Havana Harbor helping to lead to the SpanishAmerican War?
U.S.S. Maine
73. During the taking of Santiago, Cuba the US won a
famous battle at which hill?
San Juan Hill
74. What territory did Spain lose after the SpanishAmerican War?
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
75. The US helped Panama win its independence for the
right to build what?
Panama Canal
76. What was TR’s foreign policy?
Big Stick Diplomacy
77. What statement, issued by TR, was added to the
Monroe Doctrine and declared the US the policeman of
Latin America?
Roosevelt Corollary
78. What is Seward’s Folly?
the purchase of Alaska from Russia