Biology 2201 Review
Mid-term to Final
1. Describe the differences that exist between the invertebrate
phyla (symmetry, body cavity, reproduction, digestion) (TABLE
& notes)
2. Explain why arthropods are the most successful phylum of
animals.
3. Describe the differences that exist between the vertebrate taxa
(symmetry, body cavity, circulation, respiration, reproduction,
endoskeleton). (TABLE & notes)
4. Lifecycle of:
Fern (Plantae) & Frog (Animalia).
5. Define homeostasis including the concept of dynamic
equilibrium.
6. Define homeotherm and poikliotherm.
7. Describe how homeotherms maintain dynamic equilibrium.
8. Discuss mechanisms of temperature control, both behavioural
and physiological.
9. Explain the need for a transport system.
10. Explain how the circulatory system contributes to the
maintenance of dynamic equilibrium through its role in the
transport of heat energy and matter.
11. Describe the structure of an artery, vein and capillary, and
relate these structures to their function in blood circulation.
12. Identify the main components of the human heart and explain
the role of each. Include:
a. Atria
b. Ventricles
c. Valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar)
d. Aorta
e. Pulmonary vein
f. Pulmonary artery
g. Septum
13. Trace the flow of blood through the heart and describe the
pulmonary(lungs) and systemic(body-wide) pathways.
14. Identify the main components of blood and explain the role of
each. Include:
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
c. Platelets
d. Plasma
15. Describe disorders linked to the circulatory system and their
effect on the homeostasis of the system and organism as a whole.
Include:
a. Hypertension
b. Atherosclerosis
c. Arteriosclerosis
16. Describe the progress from bypass surgery to modern
techniques. Include:
a. Shunts
b. Angioplasty
c. Clot-busting drugs
17. Explain the need for a respiratory system in humans.
18. Identify and state the function of :
a. Nasal cavity
b. Trachea
c. Bronchi
d. Bronchioles
e. Alveoli
f. Diaphragm
19. Investigate the mechanisms of inhalation/exhalation and the
regulation of the breathing cycle.
20. Describe disorders linked to the respiratory system. Include:
a. Lung cancer
b. Asthma
c. Pneumonia
21. Identify the impact of environmental factors on the respiratory
system on an asthmatic:
a. Cigarette smoke
b. Allergens (dust, mould, food)
c. Petrochemical fumes/perfumes
22. Describe the purpose and functioning of the digestive system.
23. Define mechanical and chemical digestion and explain the
relationship between them.
24. Identify the major organs and glands of digestion and
investigate their role in the digestive process. Include:
a. Salivary glands
b. Stomach
c. Liver
d. Pancreas
e. Gall bladder
f. Small intestine
g. Large intestine
25. Trace the pathway of food through the human digestive tract
and explain the efficiency of its structure:
a. Teeth
b. Taste buds
c. Tongue
d. Mucous lining
e. Sphincters
f. Villi
g. Peristalsis
26. Identify the six basic nutrients (and the source of each):
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Vitamins
e. Minerals
f. Water
27. Discuss the general role of enzymes and secretions, and the
role of these substances pertaining to the digestive system.
28. Know the basic structural units of carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins.
29. Describe disorders and the treatment of disorders linked to
organs of the digestive system and their effect on the homeostasis
of the system and the organism as a whole. Include:
a. Ulcers
b. Gall stones
c. Ileitis/colitis
30. Evaluate how nutritional deficiency and starvation diets such as
bulimia and anorexia nervosa can adversely affect the dynamic
equilibrium.
31. Explain how the excretory system helps maintain homeostasis,
including how the following act as organs of excretion:
a. Lungs
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Kidneys
32. Explain the role of the kidney as an excretory organ in removing
metabolic wastes from the body.
33. Identify and describe the main structures of the human urinary
system including kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.
34. Identify and describe the internal structure and function of the
kidney, including the cortex, medulla and pelvis.
35. Identify and describe the function of the glomerulus.
36. Identify and explain the function of the parts of a nephron.
Include:
a. Bowman’s capsule
b. Loop of henle
c. Tubules – proximal and distal
d. Collecting duct
37. Describe disorders linked to the excretory system and their
effect on the homeostasis of the system and the organism as a
whole. Include:
a. Kidney stones
b. Kidney infections
c. Bladder infections
38. Briefly explain how dialysis works, and briefly explain why
dialysis is a temporary measure for treating kidney disease.
39. Explain the meaning of antigen (allergen) and antibody, and
their role in an allergic reaction.
40. Explain the complete immune response:
a. 1st line of defence (physical and chemical barriers)
b. 2nd line of defence (inflammatory response)
c. 3rd line of defence (immune response)
41. Compare the role of white blood cells in the defence process
including phagocytes and lymphocytes.
42. Identify how autoimmune disorders cause diseases such as
rheumatoid arthritis, asthma.
43. Describe how population growth is dependent upon the
difference between natality and mortality rates and a balance
between emigration and immigration.
44. Distinguish between density dependent and density
independent factors.
45. Explain how biotic potential and carrying capacity interact in
population dynamics.
46. Examine and label the sections of an S-shaped (logistic) and Jshaped (exponential) growth curve:
a. Lag
b. Exponential
c. Equilibrium
47. Compare how J & S curves describe the general population
growth patterns observed in animal populations.
48. Explain the predator-prey cycle with respect to population
growth curves.
49. Describe the limiting factors within the human population:
a. Space
b. War
c. Disease
d. Poverty
50. Evaluation Earth’s carrying capacity, considering human
population growth and it’s demands on natural resources.
51. Determine the current growth rate of the human population and
the projected growth rate
52. Investigate the demands that will be placed upon Earth’s
natural resources by future population growth.
53. Explain how technological developments have raised, and
continue to raise, the carrying capacity of Earth.
54. Describe the four phases of demographic transition.
55. Propose courses of action on the social issue of global
population control, taking into account an array of perspectives,
including that of sustainability.