CH. 10 PREVENTING INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
INFECTION
 Pathogens – disease-causing
organisms (germs)
 Host – person or population, that
contracts the agent
 Vector – provides the means of
transmission
1. Agents (causes) of Infection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Parasitic Worms
2. How Infections Spread (not in book)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Animals and insects
People
Food
Water
3. The Process of Infection (not in book)
Incubation Period, what is it?
 The time between when the germ
enters your body and your first
symptom. Can be several days or up
to years and during this time you are
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS!
 The body is not able to develop longlasting immunity to certain viruses,
such as colds, flu, or HIV
HOW YOUR BODY PROTECTS ITSELF



Immune System – includes
structures of the lymphatic
system—the spleen, thymus gland,
lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.
Once the human body produces
antibodies against a specific antigen
the mumps virus etc. you’re
protected against that antigen for
life.
Antigen – is any substance the
white blood cells recognize as
foreign.
 Autoimmune
Disorders – the immune
systems declares war on the body
which it is trying to protect. Like
rheumatoid arthritis, lupus etc. (not in book)
IMMUNIZATION FOR ADULTS
 p. 287 Table for Adult Immunization
Schedule
Immunizations for Adults
Vaccines Recommended for College Students p 286
Insert Figure 9-3 here
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Highest Risk? Children and their families,
elderly, chronically ill, smokers and
respiratory problems, those who live or
work with someone sick, and residents or
workers in poorly ventilated buildings. nib
1. Common Cold – 200 cold viruses,
antibiotics are for bacteria not viruses
give it time, rest, and fluids. Hot soups
and drinks with lemon or ginger raise the
body temp. and help clear the nose. Tea
may enhance the immune system.

2. Influenza – more severe symptoms
than a cold and last longer.
Incubation period is 2 days,
symptoms can hit hard and fast.
Two varieties of viruses, influenza A
and influenza B. Deadliest are from
“A”. Allergic to eggs, do NOT get a
flu shot!
Who should get a flu shot? P. 289
3. Meningitis – attacks the membranes
around the brain and spinal cord and can
result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and
permanent brain damage. Bacteria
meningitis spread through coughing,
kissing, sharing drinks, eating utensils,
or cigarettes, or prolonged exposure to
infected individuals. Viral m. is less
severe. 15-24 yrs. But only college
students living in dorms. Early
symptoms rash, fever, severe headache,
nausea, vomiting, and lethargy. Great
sign is stiffness in neck when bending
forward. If untreated can lead to
permanent hearing loss, brain damage,
seizures, or death. Nov. to March is
peak. IMMUNIZATION RECOMMENDED
4. Hepatitis – A, B, C, Delta, and E,
can cause inflammation of the liver.
Symptoms include headaches,
fever, fatigue, stiff or aching joints,
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
The liver becomes enlarged and
sometimes jaundice develops.
Treatment: rest, a high-protein
diet, and avoidance of alcohol and
drugs that stress the liver.
a. Hep A – less serious form, transmitted by
poor sanitation, fecal contamination of food
or water. Highest risk are day care workers
and children, institutions for mentally
handicapped, sanitation workers. (New
viruses: non-A, non-B)
b. Hep B – transmitted through the blood and
other body fluids. (see STD’s Hepatitis B).
mostly transmitted now through sexual
contact. 75% of new cases 15-39yrs. Highest
risk are Male homo, and hetero with multiple
sex partners, health care workers w/
frequent contact w blood, injection drug
users, and infants born to infected mothers.
There is a vaccine. 100 times more
contagious than HIV.
Hep C – is 4 times as widespread as
HIV infecting about 2% of
Americans. 80% have no
symptoms. Risk: exposure to
infected blood, illegal drug use,
tattoos, or body piercing. Not
spread by casual contact.
Controversy on spread sexually.
Before you get a tattoo or piercing
p. 292
c.
5. Mononucleosis – through kissing or other
close contact. Viral disease ages 15-24
yrs. Symptoms include a sore throat,
headache, fever, nausea, and prolonged
weakness. Spleen is swollen and lymph
nodes are enlarged. Skin rash or jaundice.
Blood test. Treatment: rest
6. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) –
profound fatigue, weakness, muscle pain,
symptoms (years), 4x more women.
No cure, therapies can relieve symptoms.
7. Tuberculosis – bacterial infection of the
lungs. 15 million Americans have it.
When someone with
active tuberculosis
exhales, coughs, or
sneezes, TB bacteria
are expelled in tiny
airborne droplets
that others may
inhale.
The TB bacteria
lodge mainly in the
lungs, where they
slowly multiply,
creating patches,
then cavities.
Other parts of the
lung are affected,
including the bronchi
and the lining of the
lung.
If untreated, TB can eventually spread to and damage the
brain, bone, eyes, liver and kidneys, spine, and skin.
Fig. 9-4, p. 241
8. Insect and Animal Borne Infections
a. Lyme Disease – from a deer tick
b. West Nile Virus – transmitted by a
mosquito that feeds on an infected
bird and then bites a human. First case
1999. Less than 1% who are bitten by
mosquitoes experience any symptoms.
c. Avian Influenza (bird flu) – affects wild
birds, rare from birds to humans but
3x in 20thc. Then human to human in
Hong Kong, 1997. Migratory birds
carried to other countries and
continents.
9. New Infectious Threats
a. SARS – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
Spread by sneezing or coughing. Incubation
period 6-10 days. Fever, coughing,
headache, chills, muscle aches, and
shortness of breath. No specific treatments.
b. Anthrax – found naturally in wild farm
animals.
c. Smallpox – last case in U.S. 1949. Last case
in the world Somalia in 1977. No treatment
and up to 30% of those infected will die.
Because of threats as a biological weapon,
U.S stockpiled enough vaccine to inoculate
everyone in the U.S.
10. REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS
1. Vaginal Infections
a. Trichomoniasis – itching, burning,
discharge, should be screened for
syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV.
b. Candidiasis – yeast infection, poor
nutrition, stress, antibiotic use, itching,
burning and whitish discharge.
c. Bacterial vaginosis – white or gray
discharge and unusual odor like with
trichomoniasis. There is treatment and
usually for both partners.
2. Urinary Tract Infections(UTI)
 Can
be present in any of the 3 parts of the
urinary tract: the urethra, bladder, or kidneys.
 Irritation and swelling of the urethra or
bladder as a result of pregnancy, bike riding,
irritants (bubble baths, douches, or a
diaphragm, urinary stones, enlargement in the
men of the prostate gland, vaginitis, and
stress.
 Early diagnosis is critical because of kidney
failure.
 Symptoms frequent burning, painful urination,
chills, fever, fatigue, and blood in the urine.
NEXT STDs
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
(transmitted) (DISEASES - symptoms)
Almost 700,000 people worldwide are
infected every day with STIs.
 Highest rates among 16-24 yr. olds mostly
older teens.
 More Americans are infected now than at
any other time in history.
 Odds are 1 in 4 during a lifetime for STI.
 Half of new cases of STIs in U.S. are
college age.
 More than 1+ million in U.S. living with
HIV or AIDS, with about 56,300 new
infections every year. 15,000 everyday

Men who have sex with men account for 53% of
AIDS diagnoses among men.
 About a third of HIV individuals in U.S. have NOT
been diagnosed.
 Almost half living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. are
African American.
 HIV/AIDS 3rd leading cause of death among AA
between 25-34 and 6th leading cause of death for
whites and Hispanics in this age group.
 AA women make up 13% of female population of
U.S. but account for 67% of newly diagnosed
HIV/AIDS cases.
 Teenage girls vulnerable to HIV because the
immature cervix is easily infected.
In Africa, ABC program (Abstain, Be faithful, wear a
Condom) p 271-272

WHERE ARE YOUR MUCOUS
MEMBRANES?
CAN YOU HAVE MORE THAN 1 STD
AT A TIME?
 IS IT EASIER TO BECOME
INFECTED WITH HIV IF YOU
ALREADY HAVE ANOTHER STD?
 CAN YOU CONTRACT AN STD FROM
HAVING ORAL SEX?
 ARE WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO BE
INFECTED WITH AN STD?
Common STIs p. 269

CHLAMYDIA (bacteria)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Most widespread st bacterium
Usually through sexual contact, but by
fingers from one area to another or oralgenital.
One in 25 young Americans is infected
with Chlamydia
6 times more prevalent in young black
adults than in young white adults.
Half of cases occur in 15-24 yrs. olds
60% women have no symptoms
50% men have no symptoms
8. Greatest risk is 25 yrs. or younger
who have sex with more than 1
new partner within 2 months.
9. Without treatment, 40% can lead to
PID
10. Women have 3-5 times greater
risk of contacting HIV if exposed.
11. Treatment usually
azithromycin/ofloxacin
12. May be linked to cervical cancer
GONORRHEA (bacteria)(clap)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Most common bacterial in U.S.
8/10 women have no symptoms
By sexual contact including oral sex
In men, thick yellow-white pus oozes
from the penis and urination is burning.
5% of women have positive gonorrhea
cultures but are unaware that they are
silent carriers
Leading cause of sterility in women
Urinary obstruction and sterility in men
Treatment is ofloxacin for Chlamydia and
gonorrhea
NONGONOCOCCAL
URETHRITIS(bacteria)
1. Any inflammation of the urethra not
caused by gonorrhea
2. Most common in men
3. Through sexual intercourse,
symptoms like gonorrhea
4. May lead to PID in women and
spread to the prostate, epididymis,
or both.
SYPHILIS(bacteria)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary - 1st stage is a chancre – a sore
on penis, vagina, rectum or mouth. 3-4
weeks incubation before sore appears.
Secondary - skin rash, fever, flu-like
symptoms, lesions appear in the genital
area. 1-12 months after 1st stage.
Latent – no longer infectious after two
years, lasts for several years and
bacteria multiplies.
Tertiary – Can occur 10-20 yrs. after
infection. Complications include heart
disease, blindness, brain damage,
paralysis, insanity, and death.
THESE FIRST 4 STD’S ARE CURABLE, THE
NEXT 4 ARE NOT!!!!
 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) –
infection of woman’s fallopian tubes or
uterus. Due to complication of STIs. 1 of
every 7 women of reproductive age has
PID. May cause infertility p 276
 Gonorrhea and Chlamydia are responsible
for ½ to 1/3 of all cases of PID.
 Most cases occur under age 25
 PID causes 10 to 20% of PID leads to
obstruction of fallopian tubes enough to
cause infertility.

HERPES (virus)






Symptoms can be itching, tingling,
burning on the legs, buttocks, or
genitals.
Expect 4-5 recurrences in a year
Triggered by lowered resistance, fever,
sunburn or stress
Even with standard testing as many as
two-thirds of the cases are missed.
40% of new cases occur in 15-24 yrs.
Still contagious even when no
symptoms appear
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)
(genital warts)
MOST COMMON STI IN THE U.S.
100+ different strains of the virus,
transmitted.
40 sexually
Can lead to cancer of cervix, vulva, vagina,
anus in women, Penile cancer in men.
Most men and women have NO symptoms
More common in college age women than
men between 20-22 yrs.
6.2 million Americans get new HPV
infections each year.
80% of sexually active women acquire HPV
by age 50.
HEPATITIS B (virus)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
100 times more infectious than HIV
Spread through, saliva, semen,
menstrual blood, breast milk, and
perspiration
Can cause chronic liver infection,
cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Flu-like symptoms.
Potentially fatal disease.
Then brownish urine, loose, light yellow
stools, yellowing of the eyes and skin
There is a vaccine
75% of new cases ages 15-39.
10% may be carriers for life.
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME(AIDS)(virus)
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AIDS first appeared 1981/HIV late 1970s U.S.A.
HIV doubling every 10 ten years.
Herpes, gonorrhea, and syphilis facilitate
transmission of HIV
Semen has higher concentration of HIV than a
woman’s genital fluids.
Some HIV carriers have no symptoms for 20
yrs. before being diagnosed with AIDS.
With HIV flu-like symptoms may occur.
After diagnosis of AIDS death usually occurs
depending on medications.
New research indicates that the virus itself,
NOT a breakdown in the immune system is
responsible for disease progression.
HIV and AIDS
Insert Figure 9-7 here
HIV and AIDS
Insert Figure 9-8 here
Half of new HIV infections occur in under
25 yrs. old.
 More than half of 13-24 yrs. women with
HIV infected heterosexually.
 HIV TESTING P. 281.
Home HIV test approved is “Home Access”
in drug stores or online.
 NO ORGASM IS WORTH DYING FOR!
 USE A CONDOM TO PREVENT STD’S AND
PREGNANCY

References:
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