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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
Resistance to Change
• Christian Fundamentalism
• The Eugenics
• The Ku Klux Klan
• The Scopes Trial
• Al Smith and the Election of 1928
• Nativism
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
Christian Fundamentalism
• Christian fundamentalism grew out of the late 19th and early 20th century
Protestant movement in the U.S. and Britain.
• A movement and not a set denomination, Christian fundamentalism is rooted in
new interpretations of the Bible, most notably in Dispensationalism, Princeton
Theology, and The Fundamentals.
• Dispensationalism is a biblical interpretation developed in the 1830s that breaks
time into seven distinct stages (dispensations), each ending with God's
punishment of humanity.
• The Fundamentals was a twelve-volume study published in the early 20th century
that promoted the inerrancy and literalist interpretation of the Bible, and belief in
Dwight L. Moody
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creationism.
• Christian fundamentalism was popular in the U.S. south, where followers fought
the teaching of evolution in schools during the Scopes Trial in 1925.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
The Eugenics
• Numerous states attempted to adopt legislation that forced the sterilization of
certain individuals with hereditary mental illnesses and restricted marriage based
on eugenics criteria.
• Charles Davenport, an American scientist, was an early promoter of eugenics and
set up the Eugenics Record Office that collected medical histories of many U.S.
citizens.
• Eugenics was practiced in the United States many years before eugenics
programs in Nazi Germany.
• Immigrants were specifically targeted by promoters of eugenics, specifically the
Immigration Restriction League, which pushed for literacy tests for immigrants
Eugenics is the Self-Direction of Human
Evolution
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based on the belief that results would be low and grounds for restriction.
• Both class and race factored in to eugenic definitions of "fit" and "unfit. " By using
intelligence testing, American eugenicists asserted that social mobility was
indicative of one's genetic fitness.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
The Ku Klux Klan
• Active in the South during the 19th century, the KKK reemerged as a prominent
organization following its glorification in D.W. Griffith's film, The Birth of a Nation.
• The KKK's revival occurred at a time of rapid industrialization and urbanization,
fueling the belief that immigrants, along with blacks, were a threat to the
organization's ideals.
• The growth of the revived KKK came from the recruitment members from a
variety of fraternal organizations such as the Elks as well as post-World War I
racial tensions in urban areas.
• Growth of the organization accelerated under two professional publicists,
Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Young Clarke, and shifted to an anti-Jewish, Catholic,
Ku Klux Klan and the Burning Cross
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Communist, and immigrant agenda with strong support for prohibition.
• Despite popular belief that Klansmen came from rural areas, the organization was
heavily based in urban areas and had, at its peak in the 1920s, membership that
included 15% of the national's eligible population.
• During the 1920s the KKK was active in political reform, particularly in Indiana, but
declined in popularity following the murder trial of prominent Klansman, D.C.
Stephenson.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
The Scopes Trial
• The Scopes Trial was a landmark American legal case in 1925, in which high
school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's
Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school.
• The trial pitted modernists, who supported the teaching of evolution, against
fundamentalists, who believed that their interpretation of the Bible trumped all
human knowledge.
• William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the
prosecution while Famed defense attorney Clarence Darrow, supported by the
American Civil Liberties Union, defended Scopes.
• The jury found Scopes guilty, however following appeal, a legal technicality
John T. Scopes
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overturned the conviction and Scopes was set free.
• In the wake of the trial, the anti-evolution movement waned as the teaching of
evolution expanded throughout U.S. schools.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
Al Smith and the Election of 1928
• Smith was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency-oriented Progressive
Movement, a strong opponent of prohibition, and the first Roman Catholic
nominee for President.
• Smith attracted millions of voters of all backgrounds, particularly those concerned
about the corruption and lawlessness brought about by the Eighteenth
Amendment.
• The Republicans, however, were identified with the booming economy of the
1920s, whereas Smith suffered politically from Anti-Catholic prejudice.
• Influential Lutherans and Southern Baptist ministers believed the Catholic Church
and the Pope would dictate Smith's policies.
1928 Presidential Candidate Al Smith
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• In the end, Hoover won the election in a landslide victory, pledging to continue the
economic boom of the Coolidge years.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-... > Resistance to Change
Nativism
• The movements objected primarily to Roman Catholics, and came to object to
Asian, Jewish, and southeastern European immigration.
• Nativists and labor unions found common ground in their call for immigration
restriction, fearing that immigrant workers would drive down wages and disrupt
the organization of unions.
• A major debate during the early 20th century was whether to institute literacy tests
for immigrants, leading to the establishment of the Dillingham Commission to
study the effects of immigration on the U.S. as a whole.
• Lobbied heavily by nativists, the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and subsequent
Immigration Act of 1924 were passed, placing numerical quotas on immigration.
Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928
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Appendix
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Key terms
• Birth of a Nation The Birth of a Nation (originally called The Clansman) is a 1915 silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and
based on the novel and play The Clansman, both by Thomas Dixon, Jr.
• Charles Davenport Charles Benedict Davenport (1866–1944) was a prominent American eugenicist and biologist. He was one
of the leaders of the American eugenics movement, which was directly involved in the sterilization of around 60,000 "unfit"
Americans and strongly influenced the Holocaust in Europe.
• Clarence Darrow Clarence Seward Darrow was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union,
who headed the short lived and highly critical National Recovery Review Board.
• D.C. Stephenson David Curtiss "Steve" Stephenson (1891–1966) was an American Grand Dragon (state leader) of the Ku Klux
Klan in the U.S. state of Indiana and 22 other Northern states. In 1925 he was tried and convicted in a notorious rape and
murder trial.
• Dillingham Commission The United States Immigration Commission was a special congressional committee formed in February
1907 by the United States Congress, which was then under intense pressure from various nativist groups to study the origins
and consequences of recent immigration to the United States. It is generally known as the Dillingham Commission, after the
commission's chair, Senator William P. Dillingham of Vermont.
• dispensationalism A Protestant evangelical theology rooted in the writings of John Nelson Darby.
• Eighteenth Amendment Amendment XVIII of the United States Constitution established prohibition in 1920.
• Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Young Clarke Mary Elizabeth "Bessie" Tyler (1881-1924) was an Atlanta public-relations
professional who, starting in 1920 along with Edward Young Clarke, an advertising executive from Louisiana and the Imperial
Wizard pro tempore of the Ku Klux Klan, helped to turn the initially anemic second KKK into a mass-membership organization
with a broader social agenda.
• Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (1874–1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933), and the director
of the U.S. Food Administration during WWI. Hoover was formerly a professional mining engineer and author.
• John Scopes John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970[1]) was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was
charged on May 5, 1925 for violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools.
• Nativist Movements Nativism is the political position of demanding
a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a
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nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.
From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
• Tammany Hall Tammany Hall was a New York City political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as
the Tammany Society. It was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and
New York State politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the
1960s.
• The Fundamentals The Fundamentals or The Fundamentals: A Testimony To The Truth edited by A. C. Dixon and later by
Reuben Archer Torrey is a set of 90 essays in 12 volumes published from 1910 to 1915 by the Bible Institute of Los Angeles.
They were designed to affirm orthodox Protestant beliefs, especially those of the Reformed tradition, and defend against ideas
deemed inimical to them. They are widely considered to be the foundation of modern Christian fundamentalism.
• William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was a leading American politician from the
1890s until his death. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, and served as Wilson's Secretary of
State until his resignation in frustration over Wilson's war efforts.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
John T. Scopes
Teacher John T. Scopes was the defendant in the famous Scopes Trial (1925) on the matter of teaching evolution in schools.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Presidential Election Results By County (1928)
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Hoover (Republican) and shades of blue are for
Smith (Democratic).
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Wikipedia. "Election of 1928." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_of_1928 View on Boundless.com
From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Eugenics is the Self-Direction of Human Evolution
"Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution:" Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference, 1921, depicting Eugenics as a tree which
unites a variety of different fields.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Dwight L. Moody
Dwight L. Moody, evangelical preacher and founder of the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, Illinois
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928
A political cartoon published by the Pillar of Fire Church depicting immigrant populations not wanted in the United States
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Wikipedia. "Nativism (politics)." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#Nativism_in_the_United_States View on Boundless.com
From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Ku Klux Klan and the Burning Cross
Ku Klux Klan rally, Gainesville, Florida, December 31, 1922.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
1928 Presidential Candidate Al Smith
Al Smith was a strong opponent of prohibition, and was the first Roman Catholic nominee for President.
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following is a key commitment of fundamentalist
Christians?
A) All of these answers
B) Christ's Virgin Birth
C) The literal authorship of the Pentateuch by Moses
D) The divinity of Jesus Christ
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following is a key commitment of fundamentalist
Christians?
A) All of these answers
B) Christ's Virgin Birth
C) The literal authorship of the Pentateuch by Moses
D) The divinity of Jesus Christ
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following played a key role in mobilizing the spread
of Fundamentalism in the early 20th-century?
A) The financial support of key industrialists
B) Bible colleges that trained ministers through intense study of the Bible
C) The Great Depression
D) The appearance of several unexplained natural events that many
thought to be miracles
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following played a key role in mobilizing the spread
of Fundamentalism in the early 20th-century?
A) The financial support of key industrialists
B) Bible colleges that trained ministers through intense study of the Bible
C) The Great Depression
D) The appearance of several unexplained natural events that many
thought to be miracles
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Eugenicists claimed that which of the following was representative
of one's genetic fitness?
A) Religiosity
B) Physical fitness
C) Social mobility
D) Political affiliation
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Eugenicists claimed that which of the following was representative
of one's genetic fitness?
A) Religiosity
B) Physical fitness
C) Social mobility
D) Political affiliation
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following groups were targets of the Ku Klux Klan's
violent hatred?
A) Racial minorities, especially African-Americans
B) Southern- and Eastern European whites looking for work in urban
Northern cities
C) Bootleggers
D) All of these answers
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following groups were targets of the Ku Klux Klan's
violent hatred?
A) Racial minorities, especially African-Americans
B) Southern- and Eastern European whites looking for work in urban
Northern cities
C) Bootleggers
D) All of these answers
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following organizations played a key role in bringing
about the Scopes trial?
A) The Federalist Society
B) The Tennessee Zoo
C) The American Civil Liberties Union
D) The Modernist Society
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following organizations played a key role in bringing
about the Scopes trial?
A) The Federalist Society
B) The Tennessee Zoo
C) The American Civil Liberties Union
D) The Modernist Society
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following reasons played a role in Al Smith's defeat
by Herbert Hooever in 1928?
A) His poor performance as a reformer in New York
B) Smith's association with the corrupt politicians of Tammany Hall
C) His support for Prohibition
D) A faltering national economy, for which Smith was primarily blamed
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Which of the following reasons played a role in Al Smith's defeat
by Herbert Hooever in 1928?
A) His poor performance as a reformer in New York
B) Smith's association with the corrupt politicians of Tammany Hall
C) His support for Prohibition
D) A faltering national economy, for which Smith was primarily blamed
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Nativists used all of the following methods, formal and informal, to
block immigrants from the United States EXCEPT
A) Blood tests to determine ancestry
B) Literacy tests
C) Quotas
D) Rhetoric that questioned immigrants' loyalties
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Nativists used all of the following methods, formal and informal, to
block immigrants from the United States EXCEPT
A) Blood tests to determine ancestry
B) Literacy tests
C) Quotas
D) Rhetoric that questioned immigrants' loyalties
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Nativist Movements." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativist%20Movements
• Wikipedia. "Dillingham Commission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillingham%20Commission
• Wikipedia. "Nativism (politics)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_%2528politics%2529#20th_century
• Wikipedia. "Anti-Catholicism in the United States." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AntiCatholicism_in_the_United_States#1920s
• Wikipedia. "Election of 1928." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_of_1928#Democratic_Party_nomination
• Wikipedia. "Al Smith." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith
• Wikipedia. "Eighteenth Amendment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth%20Amendment
• Wikipedia. "Tammany Hall." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany%20Hall
• Wikipedia. "Herbert Hoover." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Hoover
• Wikipedia. "Christian Fundamentalism." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Fundamentalism#Fundamentalist_movement_in_the_United_States
• Wiktionary. "dispensationalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dispensationalism
• Wikipedia. "Princeton Theology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%20Theology
• Wikipedia. "The Fundamentals." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fundamentals
• Wikipedia. "Ku klux klan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_klux_klan#The_second_Klan:_1915.E2.80.931944
• Wikipedia. "Birth of a Nation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth%20of%20a%20Nation
• Wikipedia. "Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Young Clarke." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Tyler%20and%20Edward%20Young%20Clarke
• Wikipedia. "D.C. Stephenson." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C.%20Stephenson
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From the New Era to the Great Depression: 1920-...
• Wikipedia. "Scopes Trial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial
• Wikipedia. "John Scopes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Scopes
• Wikipedia. "William Jennings Bryan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Jennings%20Bryan
• Wikipedia. "Clarence Darrow." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Darrow
• Wikipedia. "Eugenics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics#United_States
• Wikipedia. "Charles Davenport." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Davenport
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