Living Things
Chapter 2
What is Life?
• Characteristics of living things
Cells
– _____________
– _______________
Contain Chemicals
Use Energy
– ______________
Respond to their Surroundings
– ________________________
Grow and develop
– ________________
Reproduce
– ___________
Cellular Organization
• Cells - basic unit of structure and function in
an organism – microscopic
• Unicellular - Single celled (bacteria)
• Multicellular- Many cells that are
specialized to do certain tasks
Example: muscle and nerve cells
perform certain tasks in the body to
help us move and feel.
Chemicals of life
water.
• Most abundant chemical in cells is__________
Carbohydrates are a cell’s main energy source
• ____________
• _______________
Proteins and Lipids are the building blocks of
cells.
• ___________carry
the genetic material,
Nucleic Acids
chemical instructions that direct the cell’s
activities.
Energy Use and Response
Energy
• All cells use ___________to
do work such as repair
injuries and move chemicals throughout the body
• Response
_____________________
to Surroundings – reactions to changes in
the environment. Example: plant bends toward
the light, remove hand from a hot stove.
– ________Stimulus change in an organisms surroundings that
causes a reaction
Response an action or change in behavior
– ___________-
Growth, Development, and
Reproduction
•
•
______-the process of becoming larger.
Growth
____________- process of change that occurs
Development
to make organisms more complex.
• _________________produce offspring that
Reproduction
are similar to the parents – not exact!
Life Comes From Life living things cannot arise
• _________________from non-living things through
Spontaneous generation - a mistaken idea that
___________________
living things can arise from non-living things
Redi
Redi’s Experiment
• ____________________-helped
to _________
disprove
spontaneous generation.
– Controlled experiment to show that flies do not arise from
decaying meat
Variable
– Manipulated
_____________________(Independent
Variable) was
whether or not the jars were covered to allow the flies to
get to the meat inside.
– Flies were able to enter the uncovered jars and lay eggs.
– The eggs hatched into maggots which developed into flies.
– No flies were able to enter the covered jar – no maggots
were formed
Conclusion
– ____________
- rotting meat does not produce flies!
Pasteur
• ___________-credited
with disproving the
Louis Pasteur
theory of spontaneous generation through his
experiment with bacteria and broth.
• ______________________Broth Experiment
1.
let
2.
3.
4.
Clear broth into two flasks with curved necks. The necks
oxygen into the broth but were to keep bacteria out.
Boiled broth in one flask but not the other
Unboiled broth became cloudy showing that new
bacteria were growing . Boiled broth remained clear.
Conclusion
_________________–
new bacteria only arise from living
bacteria that were already present in the unboiled broth.
Needs of Living Things
1. __________
- all living things need water to
Water
survive. Water is used for breaking down
food, growth, transport of nutrients, and
reproduction.
2. ____-source
of energy to live.
Food
Autotrophs (self-feeder) – make their own food.
1. ________________________
Example: plants capture suns energy and make their
Photosynthesis
own food – this process is called ________________.
2. Heterotrophs
__________________________
(other-feeder) – obtain energy by
feeding on others. Example: animals, mushrooms,
and slime molds.
Needs of Living Things Continued
Living Space
3. ______________-a
place to get food, water, and
find shelter. The surroundings must provide what
the organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce.
This sometimes leads to ___________
competition because
space is limited on Earth and there are many
living things competing for the same space.
Stable internal Living Conditions -conditions
4. ___________________________
inside of an organisms body must remain stable
even when conditions outside of the body change
dramatically.
-___________________-maintenance
of stable internal
Homeostasis
conditions
Microscope Lab
Please Pass the Bread Lab
• What factors are necessary for bread molds to
grow?
– Predict what factors might affect the growth of bread
mold
– Conduct the experiment – what are the variables?
– Collect data through observations recorded on a data
table
– Analyze and conclude the results
– Communicate through a written lab report
– Design another experiment based on results
Chapter 2-2: Classifying Organisms
I. Why Do Scientists Classify?
A. Classification is the process
Of grouping things based on their similarities
B. Biologists use classification
To organize living things into groups so that
organisms are easier to study
C. The scientific study
Of how living things are classified is called
taxonomy
1. Taxonomy is useful
Because once an organism is classified, a scientist
knows a lot about the organism
II. The Naming System of Linnaeus
A. Taxonomy also involves
Naming organisms
B. In 1750, Carolus Linnaeus devised a system
Of naming organisms that is still used today
C. Linnaeus placed organisms
Into groups based on observable features
D. Linnaeus gave each organism
A unique, two part system
E. This naming system Linnaeus used
Is called binomial nomenclature
F. Genus and Species
1. The first word
In an organisms scientific name is its genus
2. A genus is a
Classification grouping that contain similar, closely related
organisms
3. A species is a
Group of similar organisms that can mate with each other
G. Using Binomial Nomenclature
1. A complete scientific name
Is written in italics
2. Only the first letter
Of the first word is capitalized
3. Scientific names contain
Latin Words
III. Levels of Classification
A. Today’s classification system
Uses a series of many levels to classify organisms
B. the Major Levels of Classification
1. First, an organism
Is placed in a broad group
which in turn is divided
Into more specific groups
2. The more classification levels
That two organisms share, the more that
they have in common
3. Eight levels of Classification
a. Domain is the Highest level of organization
b. Within a domain, There are kingdoms
c. Within kingdoms, There are phyla
d. Within phyla Are classes
e. Within classes Are orders
f. Within orders Are families
g. Each family contains One or more genera
h. Each genus contains One or more species
IV. Domains and Kingdoms
A. Today, a
Three domain system of classification is
commonly used
B. The three domains are
1. __________________________
Bacteria
2. ___________________________
Archaea
3. ___________________________
Eukarya
C. Organisms are placed
_________________________________________
Into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type,
_________________________________________
their ability to make food, and the number of cells in
_________________________________________
their bodies
_________________________________________
_________________________
D. Bacteria
1. Members of the domain Bacteria are
_______________________________________________________
Are all around you
2. Prokaryotes are
_______________________________________________________
Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
a. A nucleus is a
______________________________________________________
Dense area within the cell that contains nucleic acids
the chemical instructions that
_______________________________________________________
Direct the cell’s activities
E. Archaea
1. Archaea can be found
_______________________________________________________
In some of the most extreme environments on Earth,
_______________________________________________________
including: hot springs, very salty water, swamps, and
the intestines of cows
• 1. Archaea are
Unicellular prokaryotes
_______________________________________________________
• 2. Archaea are classified in their own domain, however, because
Their structure and chemical makeup differ from that of bacteria
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
• V. Domain Eukarya
eukaryotes
•
A. Organisms in this domain are _____________________
organisms with cells that
_______________________________________________________
contain nuclei
•
B. Scientists classify organisms
In domain Eukarya into one of four kingdoms: protists, fungi,
_______________________________________________________
plants, or animals
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
C. Protists
1. A protist is any
_____________________________________________
Eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as a
plant, animal, or fungus
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________
a. Some protists are
Autotrophs (self-feeders)
______________________,
while other protists
Heterotrophs (“other feeders)
are__________________________________________
b. Most protists are ___________________,
but some
Unicellular
Multicellular organisms
... are large___________________________________
D. Fungi
1. Most fungi are
Multicellular eukaryotes
_______________________________________________________
2. A few ... are
Unicellular eukaryotes
_______________________________________________________
3. All fungi are
Are heterotrophs (other feeders)
_______________________________________________________
4. Most fungi feed by
Absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying matter
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
E. Plants
1. Plants are all _____________________________
and most live on
Multicellular eukaryotes
land
_______________________________________________________
2. Plants are ___________________
that make their own _________
autotrophs
food
food
most heterotrophs on land
3. Plants provide ___________
for ____________________________
F. Animals
1. All animals are
Multicellular eukaryotes
______________________________________
______________________________________
______
2. In addition, all animals are
Heterotrophs
______________________________________