Vocabulario
Tecnologia
Verbos
Attach
Be broken
Be on line
Be on
Be off
Be out of date
Be plugged in
Be unplugged
Build
Bully
Call
Cancel
Cause
Censure
Chat
Charge(battery)
Click on
Connect
Control
Create
Crash
Damage
Destroy
Disconnect
Download
Email
Enter
Entertain
Erase
Exit
Fix
Include
Influence
Inform
Insert
Invent
Keep
Keep private
Lead to
Log in
Log out
Offend
Order
Paste
Pirate
Plug in
Sustantivos
Adjuntar
Estar rot@
Estar en linea
Estar prendid@
Estar apagad@
Estar pasado
Estar enchufad@
Estar
desenchufad@
Construir
Intimidar
Llamar
Cancelar
Causar
Censurer
Chatear
Cargar
Hacer clic en
Connectarse
Controlar
Crear
Fallar
dañar
Destruir
Desconnectarse
Descargar
Emailear
Entrar
Entretener
Borrar
Salir
Reparar
Incluir
Influir en
Informar
introducir
Inventar
Conservar
Mantener privado
Llevar a
Iniciar la session
Desloguearse
Offender
Pedir
Pegar
Piratear
Enchufar
Achievements
Ad
Advancement
Blog
Brand
Button
Cell phone
Computer
Digital camera
DVD player
Equipment
File
Icon
Internet
Invention
Innovation
Junk mail
Keyboard
Laptop
Link
Machine
Machine
Memory
Message
Mouse
News program
Password
Printer
Privacy
Reliability
Remote control
Scanner
Screen
Search
Site
Software
Spam
Speakers
Stereo
Technology
Text message
Tool
Tv set
User
Video camera
Virus
Logros
Anuncio
El advance
El blog
Marca
El botón
El movil
Computadora
Cámara digital
El reproductor
de dvd
equipo
archivo
icono
el internet
la invento
innovacion
correo basura
teclado
el laptop
el enlace
la maquina
el aparato
memoria
el mensaje
el ratón
el noticiero
contraseña
impresora
la privacidad
la fiabilidad
el control remote
el escaner
pantalla
busqueda
sitio
el software
correo basura
el altavoz
el estéreo
tecnología
texto
herramienta
el televisor
usuario
camara de video
el virus
Push
Put together
Predict
Print
Record
Reveal
Ring
Save(time/energy)
Search
Select
Send
Scan
Snoop
Surf
Take apart
Text
Turn off
Turn on
Type
Undo
Unplug
Update
Upload
Work
Oprimir
montar
Predecir
Imprimir
Grabar
Revelar
Sonar(o to ue)
Ahorrar
Buscar
Escoger
Mandar
Escanear
Husmear
Navegar por el
internet
Desmontar
Textear
Apagar
Encender
Escribir a
maquina
Deshacer
Desenchufar
Actualizar
Cargar
Funccionar
Profesiones/Universidad
Actor
Arquitect
Artist
Baker
Banker
Biologist
Boss
Businessman
Butcher
Carpenter
Chemist
Cook
Dancer
Dentist
Doctor
Driver
Electrician
employee
Engineer
fireman
El actor/la actriz
Arquitecto
El/la artista
Panadero
Banquero
Biologo
El jefe
Hombre de
negocio
Carnicero
Carpintero
Quimico
Cocinero
Bailarin
Dentist
Medico/a
Chofer
Electricista
Empleado/a
Ingeniero
bombero
Web page
página de web
Verbos
Advertise
Arrest
Ask for
Attend
Be unemployed
Become(profession)
Borrow
Build
Buy
Deliver
Drive
Design
Earn a living
Enroll
Experiment
Examine
Fill out
Sustantivos
Anunciar
Arrestar
Pedir
Asistir a
Estar
desempleado
Hacerse
Tomar
prestado
construir
Comprar
Repartir
Conducir
Diseñar
Ganarse una
vida
Matricularse
Hacer
experimentos
Examinar
Rellenar
Account
Application
Bill
Business
Candidate
Company
Credit card
Degree
dorm
Interview
Job
Loan
meeting
Office
Photocopier
Position
Project
Raise
Report
Cuenta
La solicitud
Factura
Negocio
Candidato
Compania
Tarjeta de
credito
Titulo
dormitorio
Entrevista
Trabajo
Prestamo
Reunion
Oficina
Fotocopiadora
Puesto
Proyecto
Aumento de
sueldo
El informe
Fisherman
Gardener
Guard
Hair dresser
Journalist
Lawyer
Manager
Musician
Nurse
Painter
Pharmacist
Pilot
Plumber
Policeman
Postal carrier
Professor
Programmer
Psychologist
Salesman
Secretary
Soldier
Stewardess
Store clerk
Taxi driver
Technician
Translator
Vet
Writer
Pescador
Jardinero
Guardia
Peluquero/a
El/la periodista
Abogado
El/la gerente
Musico
Enfermero
Pintor(a)
Farmaceutico
Piloto
Plomero
El policia
El cartero
El profesor
Programador
Psicologo
Vendedor
Secretaria
Soldado
Azafata
Dependiente
Taxista
Tecnico
Traductor
Veterinario
escritor
Fire
Flunk
Forget
Get a job
Get good grades
Get in trouble
graduate
Hire
Interview
Join
Learn
Loan
Manage
Meet
Paint
Pass class
Party
Pay
Plant
Print
Quit
Realize
Remember
Retire
Save
Schedule
Sign up
Sell
Shop
Spend time
Spend money
Take a class
Teach
Waste time/$
Despedir
Reprobar(o
to ue)
Olvidarse
(de)
Encontrar un
trabajo
Sacar buenas
notas
Meterse en
problemas
Graduarse
Contratar
Entrevistar
Ingresar
Aprender
Prestar
Manejar
Reunirse
Pintar
Probar(o to
ue)
Hacer fiesta
Pagar
Plantar
Imprimir
Renunciar
Darse cuenta
Recordar
Retirarse
Ahorrar
Programar
inscribirse
Vender
Hacer la
compras
Pasar tiempo
+ ando/iendo
Gastar $
Tomar
Enseñar
Perder
Gramatica
Salary
Store/shop
Tuition
University
Sueldo
Tienda
Matricula
universidad
1) Present Subjunctive Continued
How to conjugate in the subjunctive in PRESENT Tense
Step 1---conjugate the verb for an "usted command", yo form of verb, take off "o" add opposite
ending.
Step 2---add the correct endings to the "usted command
Comer--Ex: Yo coma, tú comas, él/ella/usted coma, nosotros comamos, ellos coman
Hablar--Ex: Yo hable, tú hables, él/ella/usted hable, nosotros hablemos, ellos hablen
a) WEIRDO=wishes, emotions, impersonal expressions, recommendations, doubts, orders
b) Irregulars-Dishes=dar, ir, saber, hacer, estar, ser
c) 3 meanings are possible when using the present subjunctive
Ex: I am happy that she goes to school everyday.=Yo estoy contento de que ella vaya a
escuela todos los dias.
Ex: I am happy that she is going to school now. .=Yo estoy contento de que ella vaya a
escuela ahora.
Ex: I am happy that she is going to go to school later. .=Yo estoy contento de que ella vaya a
escuela todos mas tarde.
The present subjunctive conjugation takes care of all 3 time periods!
Wish/Want
Examples:
My parents want me to study.
Mis padres quieren que yo estudie.
She insists we listen in class.
Ella insiste en que escuchemos en clase.
Emotion
Examples:
I’m happy you’re having a good time.
Yo me alegro de que tú te diviertas.
It’s important to me that you call me.
Me importa que tú me llames.
Impersonal Expressions
Examples:
It’s important that you study.
Es importante que tú estudies.
It’s a shame that she has no money. Es una lástima que ella no tenga dinero.
Requests/Recomendations
Pedir-ask someone to do something
My parents tell me to clean my room. Mis padres me dicen que yo limpie mi cuarto.
They permit us to enter early.
Ellos permiten que nosotros entremos temprano.
Doubt/Denial
Examples:
I doubt that she understands.
Dudo que ella comprenda.
He denies that they have the money.
Él niega que ellos tengan el dinero.
Ojalá/Orders
Ojala que=hopefully
Mandar=to order
Prohibir=to prohibit
Decir=tell someone to
Examples: I hope you have a great summer. Ojalá que uds. tengan un buen
verano.
Subjunctive WEIRDO KEY IDEAS:
Wishes—If the wish/hope verbs are about someone else’s
action, subjunctive. If it is about oneself, not subj.
Ex: I hope she eats.Yo espero que ella coma.
Ex: I hope to eat soon. Yo espero comer.
Emotions- If the emotion verbs are about someone else’s
action, subjunctive. If it is about oneself, not subj.
Ex: I am happy you are eating. Yo estoy alegre de que tú comas.
Ex: We are happy to eat. Estamos algres de comer.
Impersonal expression-If you direct the impersonal expression
at a person, use subj. If it is a general statement, not subj.
Ex: It is necessary that they listen.=Es necesario que ellos
escuchen.
Ex: It is necessary to listen.=Es necesario escuchar.
Recommendations/requests- If the request/recommendation
verbs are about someone else’s action, subjunctive. If it is
about oneself, not subj.
Ex: I recommend you eat. Yo recomiendo que comas.
Ex: I recommend eating. Yo recomiendo comer.
Doubts/Denials—Always use subjunctive.
Orders-- If the order verbs are about someone else’s action,
subjunctive. If it is about oneself, not subj.
Ex: I tell her to eat. Yo le digo que coma.
2) The present perfect subjunctive (el presente perfecto
de subjuntivo)
A. Forms. The present perfect subjunctive is formed by using the present subjunctive
yo
tú
él/ella/usted
haya
hayas
haya
+ ado/ido
.
nosotros/vosotras hayamos
vosotros/vosotras hayáis
ellos/ellas/ustedes hayan
B. Meanings. The meaning of the “haya + ado/ido” can have 2 interpretations. 1 sounds like “have
eaten”, the other sounds like past “ate, went, saw”
Me alegro de
Dudo
que ella haya
llegado.
Niego
Es posible
I'm glad she (has)
arrived.
I doubt she (has)
arrived.
I deny she (has)
arrived.
It's possible she (has)
arrived.
Irregulars in the "ado/ido"
abrir
cubrir
decir
describir
descubrir
devolver
escribir
hacer
morir
poner
romper
ver
volver
abierto
cubierto
dicho
descrito
descubierto
devuelto
escrito
hecho
muerto
puesto
roto
visto
vuelto
opened
closed, shut
said, told
described
discovered
returned, given back
written
done, made
died, dead
put, placed, set
broken, torn
seen
returned
C. How the tenses line up
Present
present perfect(have +ado)
Future(will, going to)
future perfect(will have)
command form
Me sorprende que ustedes bailen.
present subjunctive
OR
present perfect subjunctive
dance. (generalization)
It surprises me that you are dancing (right now).
will dance (in the future).
Me sorprende que ustedes hayan bailado. It surprises me that you
danced OR
have danced (in the past)
3) Usted/USTEDES Command Notes
a) This is a formal command. One you would give to people you DON’T know.
b) When using formal commands, it is a good idea to add “por favor” with the command to
soften/make more polite the commands.
c) The process of doing a formal command involves several steps.
Step 1---conjugate the verb for “yo” first. Step 2—drop the “o” on it and keep was is left.
Step 3---If the verb originally was an “ar” add an “e” to the part that was left from step 2. If the
verb originally was an “er/ir”, add an “a” to the part that was left from step 2.
Ejemplo
Eat=coma, put=ponga, have=tenga, drink=beba, do=haga, leave=salga
d) For doing “ustedes” commands, giving commands to a large group of people, just add
“n” to the usted command.
Ejemplo
Eat=coman, put=pongan, have=tengan, drink=beban, do=hagan, leave=salgan
d) IRREGULARS FOR USTED/USTEDES COMMANDS---DISHES, same irregulars as present
subjunctive.
SABER=TO KNOW
SEPA(n)
SER=TO BE
SEA(n)
DAR=GIVE
DE(WITH ACCENT ON E”(n)
IR=TO GO
VAYA(n)
Estar=to be
Este(n)
d) Positive vs Negative Commands
“It is right to be positive, not right to be negative.” This phrase means that if you make a positive
command, reflexive pieces/direct objects are attached on the right of the verb. Ejemplo:
Acuéstese
f a command is negative, a command with “no, don’t” in it, the reflexive/direct object is on the
left of the verb. Ejemplo: No se acueste
You need to know what verbs have an irregularity in the “yo” form and the stem-changers to be
more successful at giving commands, because those irregularities will appear in the command.
4) Tú commands
a) Tú commands are given to people you know well: friends, family, etc.
b) For a positive command(one without “no”) in it, you conjugate a verb for “he/she/usted” in
present tense. That is the command.
Speak up!
Eat with us!
Live well!
¡Habla en voz alta!
¡Come con nosotros!
¡Vive bien!
c) These are the positive irregular verb for Tú commands. “ven di sal haz ten ve pon se”=”Vin
Deisel has 10 weapons”
decir (to say, tell):
hacer (to do, make):
(to go):
ir
poner (to put, place):
salir (to leave, go out):
ser (to be):
tener (to have):
venir (to come):
di
haz
ve
pon
sal
sé
ten
ven
Dime la verdad.
Hazlo mañana.
Vete.
Ponlo aquí.
Sal en sequida.
Sé bueno.
Ten cuidado.
Ven acá.
Tell me the truth.
Do it tomorrow.
Scram. (Leave.)
Put it here.
Leave immediately.
Be good.
Be careful.
Come here.
d) Negative tú commands. Negative tú commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive
No me hables así. Don't talk to me like that.
Don't eat so much.
No comas tanto.
Don't live there.
No vivas allí.
Don't do anything.
No hagas nada.
Don't come!
¡No vengas!
5) Simple future (will/might) and conditional
a) Will/might---Leave the verb alone (don’t conjugate it)and add the endings!!!!! Ex: yo hablaré
Yo
é
Tú
ás
Ella
á
Nosotros emos
Ellos
án
Ex: I will go=iré, You will eat=comerás, he will sleep=dormirá, we will see=veremos, they will
drink=beberán
b) Verbs with irregular future stems: (Remember that this same stem is used to form the
conditional.)
decir
dir-
hacer har-
to say
to make, do
poder podr- to be able
poner pondr- to put, place, set
querer querr- to want, love
saber sabrsalir
to know [a fact], know how [+ infinitive]
saldr- to leave, go out
tener tendr- to have
valer
valdr- to be worth
venir vendr- to come
c) Future conditional with “will”. Expresses a conditional statement. If x then y, about the future.
d) On the “si” side, you conjugate the verb in the present tense. On the “will” side, you use “will”
Ex: if you give me money, I will buy the car.
Ex: Si tú me das dinero, yo compraré el coche.
6) Future Perfect- “will have” “might have”
a) Form and meaning—used to talk about future actions that you “will have done” by a certain time and
to speculate about the recent past. Ex: By 2014, I will have graduated from high school. Ex: She might
have eaten but I am not sure=Ella ya habrá comido pero yo no estoy seguro.
Conjugation
yo habré
tú habrás
él/ella/usted habrá
Translation
I will have
You (informal) will have
He/she/one will have
nosotros habremos
We will have
ellos/ellas/ustedes habrán They will have
+ ado/ido
b) same irregulars for “ado/ido” as all the perfect tenses.
7) Conditional with “would”/ “must have”
a) Would/must have- Leave the verb alone (don’t conjugate it) and add the endings!!!!!
Yo
Tú
Ella
Nosotros
Ellos
ía
ías
ía
íamos
ían
Ex: I would go=iría, You would eat=comerías
b) Verbs with irregular conditional stems: (Remember that this same stem is used to form the
future irregulars)
decir
dir-
hacer har-
to say
to make, do
poder podr- to be able
poner pondr- to put, place, set
querer querr- to want, love
saber sabrsalir
to know [a fact], know how [+ infinitive]
saldr- to leave, go out
tener tendr- to have
valer
valdr- to be worth
venir vendr- to come
c) Use this “would” for when you are talking about “past future” actions. Ex: She said that she
would see us later.=Ella nos dijo que ella nos vería más tarde.
d) Use this to make a conjecture/guess about the past, “must have”. Ex: She must have left already
because I don’t see her.=Ella ya se iría porque no la veo.
e) Conditional Sentences--PRESENT UNREAL—to express a condition, if x then y, in the present
that is contrary/opposite of reality.
These sentences always have "si=if" in them and describe events that are not real right now. One part of
the sentence depends on the other part to happen.
Example: If I had 1 million dollars, I would buy a yacht.
If I were you, I would not do that.
b) The structure:
Si + tuv
,
yo +verb + ía
dier
tú + verb + ías
pus
ella + verb + ía
pud
nosotros + verb + íamos
compr
ellos + verb + ían
viv
↑
1) This part uses the "ellos form of the preterite(past) as the base of the
conjugation.
Example: Ellos vivieron, Ellos comieron, Ellos dieron, Ellos pudieron
2) You must remove the "ieron, aron" part and that gives you the base of it.
3) Then, you need to add "iera, ieras, iera, ieramos, ieran"
Example: If they had money, they would use it.
Si ellos tuvieran dinero, lo usarían.
If I ate your food, i would die.
Si yo comiera tu comida, yo moriría.
8) Imperfect Subjunctive(past subjunctive)
a) WEIRDO verbs—Use the same rules of subjunctive as in present.
b) No irregulars in past subjunctive
c) How to conjugate in past subjunctive
The imperfect subjunctive is formed for all verbs by dropping the “-ron” ending of the “ellos” preterit
form and replacing it with “-ra” endings:
Trabajar (begin with trabajaron)
Poder (begin with pudieron)
Dormir (begin with durmieron)
Yo
Trabajara
Pudiera
Durmiera
Tú
Trabajaras
Pudieras
Durmieras
Él, Ella, Ud.
Trabajara
Pudiera
Durmiera
Nosotros
Trabajáramos Pudiéramos Durmiéramos
Ellos, Ellas, Uds. Trabajaran
Pudieran
Durmieran
Irregular Preterites
poner(put) poder(could) ser(was)/ir(went) tener(had)
estar(was)
decir(said/told)
Yo
Puse
Pude
Fui
Tuve
estuve
dije
Tú
Pusiste
Pudiste
Fuiste
Tuviste
estuviste
dijiste
Él/Ella/Usted
Puso
Pudo
Fue
Tuvo
estuvo
dijo
Nosotros
Pusimos
Pudimos
Fuimos
Tuvimos
estuvimos
dijimos
Ellos
Pusieron
Pudieron
Fueron
Tuvieron
estuvieron
dijeron
traer(brought)
dar(gave)
ver(saw)
hacer(made/did) venir(came)
Yo
Traje
Di
Vi
Hice
vine
Tú
Trajiste
Diste
Viste
Hiciste
viniste
Él/Ella/Usted
Trajo
Dio
Vio
Hizo
vino
Nosotros
Trajimos
Dimos
Vimos
Hicimos
vinimos
Ellos
Trajeron
Dieron
Vieron
Hicieron
vinieron
Irregulars in the "él/ella/usted" and "ellos"
dormir
repetir
caer/construir
producir
Yo
Regular
Regular
Regular
Tú
Regular
Regular
Regular
Él/Ella/Usted
durmió
repitió
cayó
Nosotros
Regular
Regular
Regular
Ellos
durmieron
repitieron
cayeron
produjeron
Sentir=feel
Divertirse=have fun
Mentir=to lie
Preferir=prefer
Sugerer=suggest
Elegir=choose/select
Seguir=to follow
Pedir=ask for, request,
ask someone to do
something
Leer
Contruir=build
Creer=believe
Oir=hear
Contribuir
Incluir
Influir
Proveer=provide
Reducir
Introducir
Traducir=translate
Conducir=lead to,
drive
List of verbs
Morir=to die
produjo
d) Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive
1. Like the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive follows WEIRDO. In fact the two
subjunctives function identically except in tense. A verb of emotion in present tense will signal
the use of present subjunctive. The same verb of emotion in the past will use the imperfect
subjunctive. See the chart below for a complete list of sequencing of tenses:
Main Clause Verb
Dependent Clause Verb
Present Tense
Present Subjunctive
Present Perfect Tense
or
Future Tense
Present Perfect Subjunctive
Command
Preterit Tense
Imperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect Tense
or
Past Perfect (Pluscuamperfecto) Tense Past Perfect (Pluscuamperfecto) Subjunctive
Conditional Tense
EXAMPLES WITH PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE:
1.
2. He pedido que nos traigan el dinero.
3. Lo sentiré mucho si ella no pueda visitarnos.
4. Dígale que abra la puerta.
EXAMPLES WITH IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prefería que él no hablara.
Había pedido que ellos nos trajeran el dinero.
Lo sentiría mucho si ella no pudiera visitarnos.
Le dije que abriera la puerta.
9) Conditional Perfect (would have)-Pluscuamperfecto
de Subjuntivo
a) Form and Meaning. Used to talk about past conditions, if x then y, that never happened and
are contrary to reality.
b) Ex: If I had been born a girl, I would have worn dresses growing up.=Si yo hubiera nacido
una chica, yo habria llevado vestidos cuando creci.
Part 1 with “SI”
have)
Yo
hubiera(had)
Tú
hubieras(had)
Él/Ella/Usted
hubiera(had)
Nosotros
hubieramos(had)
Part 2(would
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
Habría(would have)
habrías(would have)
habría(would have)
habríamos(would
have)
habrían(would have)
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
Ellos/Ustedes
hubieran(had)
Ado/ido
Ado/ido
c) Same irregulars in the “ado/ido” as all perfect tenses.
d) The “hubiera + ado/ido” part can also be used in the same way that “habia + ado/ido” is used
in past subjunctive.
10)
SER VS ESTAR=to be
a) In Spanish The verb ser (to be) is used for:
D.O.C.T.O.R
D-escription
O-rigin
C-haracter
T-ime (Day, Week, Hour)
O-ccupation
R-elationship, belongs to
Examples
D →Description→ Ella es guapa
O →Origin → Soy de Madrid
C →Characteristic→ Él es simpatico
T →Time / Date→ Son las tres; hoy es martes
O →Occupation →Eres estudiante
R →Relationship→ Ella es mi amiga
b) In Spanish The verb estar (to be) is used for:
P.L.A.C.E
P-osition
L-ocation
A-ction
C-ondition
E-motion
Examples of each category of estar use:
Position: expresses the physical position of posture of a person or thing:
estar sentado(be seated)
estar levantado(be standing)
estar entre(next to)
Location: expresses where places, people, or things are located:
estoy en Nueva York
El libro está en la mesa
Action: expresses the result of an action or the progressive
el hombre está muerto
estoy comiendo ahora
Condition: expresses health and other changeable states
estar enfermo(sick)
estar sucio(dirty)
estar lleno(full)
Emotion: expresses emotions such as
estar contento
estar triste
C) Conjugations
ser
Yo
Tú
Él/Ella/Usted
Nosotros
Ellos/Ustedes
soy
eres
es
somos
son
estar deprimido
Present
Preterite
estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
están
ser
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fueron
Imperfecto
estar
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvieron
ser
estar
era
eras
era
éramos
eran
estaba
estabas
estaba
estábamos
estaban
Subject 1 normal verb
que
Subject 2 + subj verb
Subjunctive Part 2“Weirdo”
Or, another weird acronym to remember when to use the
subjunctive!!!
*Must have a change of subject!!
Wish/Want
Examples:
My parents want me to study.
Mis padres quieren que yo estudie.
She insists we listen in class.
Ella insiste en que escuchemos en clase.
Emotion
Examples:
I’m happy you’re having a good time.
Yo me alegro de que tú te diviertas.
It’s important to me that you call me.
Me importa que tú me llames.
Impersonal Expressions
Examples:
It’s important that you study.
Es importante que tú estudies.
It’s a shame that she has no money. Es una lástima que ella no tenga dinero.
Requests/Recomendations
Pedir-ask someone to do something
My parents tell me to clean my room. Mis padres me dicen que yo limpie mi cuarto.
They permit us to enter early.
Ellos permiten que nosotros entremos temprano.
Doubt/Denial
Examples:
I doubt that she understands.
Dudo que ella comprenda.
He denies that they have the money.
Él niega que ellos tengan el dinero.
Ojalá/Orders
Ojala que=hopefully
Mandar=to order
Prohibir=to prohibit
Decir=tell someone to
Examples: I hope you have a great summer. Ojalá que uds. tengan un buen
verano.
Direct Objects/Indirect Objects/Double Object
Direct Objects
Doers of action
Yo
Tú
Ella/Él/Usted
Nosotros
Ellos/Ustedes
You always conjugate the verb for the doers of
an action
Receivers of action=are called direct objects
Me=me
You=te
Him/it=lo
Her/it=la
Us=nos
Them=los/las
You never conjugate the verb for the receivers
of an action
I see you
who is the doer of “see”=I? Who is the receiver of “see”=you?
They hate me
Who is the doer of “hate”=they? Who is the receiver of “hate”=me?
You love her
Who is the doer of “love”=you? Who is the receiver of “love”=her?
Direct Objects go in the same places in a sentence that reflexive(me, te, se, nos, se) go.
a) If there is just 1 verb, the direct object(receiver of the action) goes to the left of the verb. It
is backwards from English!
Ex: I see her=Yo la veo.
Notice! A) the verb is always conjugated for the doer of the action (yo)
B) The direct object(me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las) goes to the left of the verb. The order is
backward from English!
c) If you have two verbs back to back, you can put the direct object(receiver of an action)
before the 1st or attached to the 2nd. This is exactly like what you have been doing with reflexive
verbs(verbs that end in se)
I need to see you. Notice there are 2 verbs in the sentence. You put the “you” either before the first in the
chain, or attach it to the 2nd.
Ex: Yo te necesito ver OR Yo necesito verte.
Direct Objects after prepositions(a sin de por para en con sobre hacia contra)
There is another set of direct objects that you must learn to use if a direct object is followed by a
preposition(a, sin, de, por, para, en, con, sobre, contra, hacia). These are:
mi=me
ti=you
él=him/it
ella=her/it
nosotros=us
ellos/ellas=them
Ex: Yo no puedo vivir sin ti=I can’t live without you.
Yo no tengo nada contra ella=I don’t have anything against her.
Yo tengo algo para ellos=I have something for them
Indirect Objects(to someone, for someone)
a) The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb
is performed. The idea of "TO SOMEONE/FOR SOMEONE" is embedded .
Required part
Optional part
me (me)………………….…..a mi
te (you-familiar)……………..a ti
le (him, her, you-formal)…….a él/ella
nos (us)………………………a nosotros
les (them, you-all-formal)……a ellos/ustedes
Ex: They give the money to me. “to me” is the indirect object.=Ellos me dan el dinero (a mi)
I give the money to her.=Yo le doy el dinero (a ella).
Notice that you always conjugate the verb for the person doing the action. The indirect object is the
person who receives an object(direct object)
The "a mi, a ti...a él..a nosotros...a ellos" part is OPTIONAL. It is used to clarify and make clear that
they are different from a direct object (me, te, nos) part. You only need to learn the required part.
B) WHERE DO 'DIRECT OBJECTS, INDIRECT OBJECTS" AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
GO IN A SENTENCE? Depends on how many verbs there are in a sentence and if there is a
preposition present.
1 verb (to the left of the verb)
Yo te digo la verdad=I tell you the truth
2 verbs back to back(either b4 1st or attached to
the 2nd)
Yo tengo que decirte la verdad=I have to tell you ...
Yo te tengo que decir la verdad
Preposition + verb + indirect/direct/reflexive
(attached on the end of the verb)
Without telling you the truth...=sin decirte la verdad
Double Objects in the same sentences
Direct Objects
Direct Objects after Preps
Indirect Objects(TO/FOR SOMEONE)
(a sin de por para en con sobre)
Me=me
Mi=me
Te=you
Ti=you
Lo=him/it
Él=him/it
La=her/it
Ella=her/it
Us=nos
Nosotros=us
Them/you all=los/las
Ellos=them
Ustedes=you all
Me….a
mi=to/for me
Te…..a
ti=to/for you
Le….a él/a
ella/a usted
=to/for
him/her/you
Nos…a
nosotros
=to/for us
Les…a
ellos/ustedes
=to/for
them/you all
a) If a sentence has a direct object(me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las) together with an indirect
object(me..a mi, te..a ti, le..a él, nos..a nosotros, les..a ellos), the indirect object(me, te, le,
nos, les) is first, then the direct object.
Ex: He give it to me. =Él me lo da a mi.
Ex: They say it to us. =Ellos nos lo dicen a nosotros.
Ex: I show it to you.=Yo te lo muestro a ti.
b) But, you can’t “le..lo/la/los/las” in Spanish or “les..lo/la/los/las” You have to change the
“le/les” to “se”!
Ex: I give it to him=Yo le lo doy a él..becomes Yo se lo doy a él. She give it to them.=Ella
les lo da a ellos becomes Ella se lo da a ellos
R.I.D.
Reflexive, Indirect Object Pronoun, Direct Object Pronoun
a) When there are two object pronouns in a sentence, they will appear in the R.I.D.
order: reflexive, indirect, and direct.
b)Two is the maximum number of pronouns that can occur in a sentence together.
The combinations that may occur are reflexive-indirect (rare), reflexive-direct, or
indirect-direct.
c) Keep in mind that object pronouns are used in referring to previously mentioned
information in paragraphs and conversations.
Reflexive-Direct
Me lo pongo. Tus uñas son bonitas. ¿Te las pintas a menudo?
I put it on. Your fingernails are pretty. Do you paint them often?
Indirect-Direct
Sara me los mandó. Me lo dijo. Te las venden.
Sara sent them to me. She said it to me. They sell them to you.
If both the direct and indirect object pronouns occur together in the third person
(lo, la, los, las – le, les), then change the indirect object pronoun to se.
Manolo le vendió el carro a Gloria. Lucas les regaló las flores a Los Garcia.
Manolo se lo vendió. Él se las regaló.
You can't "le + lo/la/los/las" or "les + lo/la/los/las". These combinations are not possible. You have to
change the "le" to "se"
When to NOT conjugate verbs!!!!!
1) You conjugate all verbs in sentences except:
a) when two verbs are back to back, you don't conjugate the 2nd verb. Ex: yo necesito comer. Ella no
puede hablar.
b) "Its a(to) sin(without) de(from/of) or night to conjugate after por(for) para(for) en(in/on) con(with)
sobre(about)"
What does this phrase mean? It means that if a verb follows these parts you never conjugate it.
Ex: Yo voy sin reservar una mesa.=I go without reserving a table.
Ex: Antes de ir, yo reservo una mesa.=Before going, I reserve a table
Commas, "y'" and "o" in sentences and how verbs are affected
a) Commas--when you have a series of verbs, separated by commas, you have to keep all the verbs in
the chain the same. Whatever form(conjugated or unconjugated) that the first verb is in the chain, all the
other verbs will be the same. Ex: I need to eat, sleep, and relax. Yo necesito comer, dormir, y
relajarme. Ex: I sometimes run, ride a bike, and jog on the weekends=Yo aveces corro, monto a bici, y
troto los fines de semana. Notice it is the verb just before the beginning of commas that determines
whether it is conjugated or not.
b) "y" and "o"--Whatever you have done to the verb on the left of the "y" and "o", you do the same to
the right as long as you have the same subject doing both actions..There is the same person doing each.
Ex: Yo como y bebo mucho. Yo necesito comer y beber algo.
c) Don't conjugate after "a, de(antes de, después de), para=in order to" or when two verbs are back-toback. When using "antes de" and "después de", don't conjugate after the "de", put a comma, and start
conjugating again. Ex: Antes de comer, yo me cepillo los dientes=After eating, I brush my teeth.