Mapping:
organizing information from Allied Heathcare textbooks.
YOUR WAY TO COLLEGE
SUCCESS!
Why is it important to use?
 An alternative way of note-taking rather than outlining,
mapping is an excellent way to gain experience in
identifying major details and minor supporting details.
 It forces you to selectively search for the important points.
 You reorganize the information you have read and
annotated into visual notes.
 This way you can clearly see the relationships between
the details and the main idea.
• A map is a graphic or visual summary of
reading material.
What ?
• Essential information (major ideas, supporting
details and conclusions) is organized to
illustrate importance and show relationships.
Why ?
• Mapping is an essential study tool.
• It can be used when organizing
writing, preparing essay exam
questions, and studying vocabulary.
• It helps you organize ideas when
reading.
• Gives you a road map of the
territory.
• Helps you focus on the material.
• Keeps you an active reader!
Increases your comprehension!

How ?

Determine the map’s starting point by
identifying the main idea and placing it in a
central position on your note taking paper.
Identify the major and minor details.
Connect them to the main idea in a design
that reveals relationships.
.
Seeing these relationships is a critical skill for
effective studying, reading, and writing
WHERE TO BEGIN:
After reading a section to the text, bracket the [main
idea] and underline the details. Write key words in the
margin.
Now use your annotation!
THE DESIGN
 Always start by placing your main ideas or keywords in
the center and then start identifying any information or
details that might relate to that keyword.
 Look at your main idea and
the details you underlined.
 Place them on the map.
Central Idea
Major detail
minor
Major detail
minor
minor
Maps Can be Different Shapes
More Mapping Formats
Look at your markings for the
paragraph on assessing breathing:
By 1) securing the airway you provide an open pathway for air to
move into and out of the body. However, a patent airway 2) does not
guarantee that the air will move in adequate volumes to support life.
Recall that breathing accomplishes two essential functions: It brings
oxygen into the body and it eliminates carbon dioxide. Although your
body will tolerate the buildup of carbon dioxide longer that it will tolerate
a lack of oxygen both of these functions are absolutely essential to support
life. 3) Proper airway management must always be paired with the
assessment of adequate breathing to ensure that both of these critical
functions are occurring. If you determine that the patient’s breathing is
not meeting the body’s needs, then you must take immediate corrective
action. [A thorough primary assessment focuses on a rapid
evaluation of both airway and breathing and identifies immediate
life threats associated with the airway and the respiratory system.]

(Emergency Care, 197)

Now map it!
Visualizing helps you remember!
Main Idea: A thorough assessment focuses on a
rapid evaluation of both airway & breathing &
identifies immediate life threats from the
airway & respiratory system
Secure airway
to create open
air pathway
Breathing has 2
essential functions
brings
no
guarantee
adequate
vol. of air
O2 into
body
Proper airway
management pair
with:
eliminates
CO2
if breathing not
meeting body's
needs, take
immediate action
assessment of
adequate
breathing
Map of annotated text section
P
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MAPPING: USING VISUAL NOTETAKING
P
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CRANIAL
BONES
ETHMOID
BONE
TEMPORAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
FRONTAL BONES
Parietal
Bones BONES
FRONTAL
FRONTAL BONES
FRONTAL BONES
FRONTAL BONES
FRONTAL BONES
OCCITPITAL
BONE
Let’s try some mapping!
USE THE SELECTION FROM THE “THINK ALOUD”:
“Sounds of an Obstructed Airway”
 On a sheet of paper, construct a map of the key
points.
 Start with the main idea at the center or the top of
your page.
 When finished move to the next slide to compare
your map with the one on the slide.
“SOUNDS OF AN OBSTRUCTED AIRWAY”
mi
1 Stridor
2.
Hoarseness
3. Snoring
4. Gurgling
[A partially obstructed airway can often be identified by the sounds of limited air
movement.] Understanding these sounds can help you better understand the
pathophysiology of the obstruction. 1 Stridor is typically caused by severely obstructed air
movement in the upper airway. As air is forced by pressure through a partial obstruction, a
high pitched almost whistling sound can sometimes be heard. Typically, stridor indicates a
severely narrowed passageway of air and suggests near obstruction. In stridor the
obstruction can be a foreign body such as a toy, or it can be caused by swelling of the upper
airway tissue as in infection. Next, the development of 2 hoarseness is often an ominous
sign. For example, in a person whose airway is swelling after a burn, you may note a
normal voice to begin with, but a raspy voice as swelling builds up around the vocal cord.
Also, 3 snoring is the sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating an impedance (or
partial obstruction) to the flow of air. Many persons normally snore while asleep, but
snoring in the case of injury or illness can often indicate a decrease in mental status such
as airway muscle tone is diminished. It is also an indication that the airway needs to stay
open. Finally, 4 gurgling is the sound of fluid obstructing the airway. As air is forced
through the liquid, the gurgling sound is made. Common liquid obstructions include vomit,
blood and other airway secretions. Gurgling is a sign that immediate suctioning is
necessary.
“The Sounds of Partially Obstructed Airway” Listing
Main Idea
1. Stridor
2. Snoring
3. Gurgling
Partially obstructed airway can be identified by sounds of
limited air movement
Caused by severely obstructed air movement - upper airway
High pitched, whistling sound
Severely narrowed passageway, near obstruction, foreign body
Ominous sign - hoarseness
• Sounds of soft tissue, in upper airway creates partial obstruction
• Case of injury indicates decrease in mental status
• Airway muscle tone diminished
•
•
•
•
Fluid obstructing airway
Air forced through liquid
Obstructions vomit, blood, airway secretions
Immediate suctioning necessary
Maps are practical tools for learning!
 Maps reflect the creator of the map.
 They should always include the main idea and major
details but it is up to you, the creator, how the map
will be laid out.
 Use maps to reinforce the
information you are studying
especially if you are a visual
learner.
Solving
Problems
Organizing
Information
Note
Taking
Why use
Mapping?
Working
with your
memory
Brain
Storming
PRACTICE!
 Each group will select a paragraph from the ones we used
for Patterns of Organization.
 As a group – review your annotation
 Decide on the organization of your map
 Create a map for the passage
 Share with the class

Check your maps with the ones that follow.
“Airway Physiology”
Air enters body through
mouth & nose.
Nose designed to
accept air
sequence
• mi
• turns & curves air
warmed
Mouth entrance to
digestive system.
• entry for air
distal to mouth & nose - air enters
throat/pharynx
“Is the Airway Open”
sequence
MI
• Use Look, Listen, Feel method to check if airway
present.
1
• Look at chest - visually inspect - see rising & falling - no foreign
objects
2
• Listen at mouth - if sounds of breathing
3
• Feel - place hands on chest for movement
“Skin”
Cause & Effect
“Skin” Cause and Effect
loss of ability to circulate blood
loss of significant amount of
blood
constriction of blood vessels
causes skin to
become pale
The skin can provide clues to blood loss as well as a
variety of other conditions.
MI:
“Heart
Rate & Cardiac Output”
Listing of Definitions
“Heart Rate & Cardiac Output” Listing of Definitions
Implied Main Idea: There are several different types of
heart rates and beats.
Heart rate: number of beats per minute. Adult = 72
Cardiac output: vol. of blood pumped in one min. 5 liters/min
Arrhythmia: irregularity in heart’s rate or rhythm.
Bradycardia: slow heart rate; less than 60 beats
Tachycardia: fast heart rate; over 100 beats/min
Extrasystoles: extra beats before the normal beat
Fibrillations: rapid, uncoordinated contractions