Examine the social, political, and economic
causes course and consequences of the
Second Industrial Revolution that began in
the 19th century
SS.912.A.3.3 Compare the First
and Second Industrial
Revolutions in 
the United States.

SS.912.A.3.4 Determine how the
development of steel, oil,
transportation, communication, and
business practices affected the
United States economy.

 A. Bessemer process -1850s
 Turned iron into steel.
 Steel could now be readily produced for
locomotives, steel rails, and the heavy girders used
in building construction.
Petroleum

 A. First oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859 started
U.S. petroleum industry overnight. John D.
Rockefeller
 Came from a modest background and became a
successful businessman at 19.
 In 1870, organized the Standard Oil Co. of Ohio.
 By 1877, Rockefeller controlled 95% of oil refineries
in U.S.
 Pursued a policy of rule or ruin; ruthless in his
business tactics
Business Practices

 "Vertical integration" -- controlling every aspect of
the production process
 Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie: his steel company
mined ore in Mesabi, shipped ore to his
steel factory, then create their product.
 Goal is to improve efficiency by making supplies
more reliable, controlling the quality of the product
at all stages of production, and eliminate
middlemen’s fees
Business practices

 "Horizontal integration" -- Consolidating with
competitors to monopolize a given market.
 John D. Rockefeller: Pioneered the "trust" in 1882 as a
means of controlling his competition
through the Standard Oil Company.
Market vs Planned

 Market Economy-price determined by supply and
demand-no government intrusion
 The forces of the market will even everything out
 Planned economy-prices and supply determined by
government agencies
 Meant to provide affordable products to everybody
Muckrakers

 Investigative reporters who dug up “muck” to
inform the public of problems and corruption that
needed fixing
 Upton Sinclair-The Jungle
Government Regulation

 Supreme Court decisions
 Munn vs. Illinois, (1877) Decision: Public always has
the right to regulate business operations in which the
public has an interest; ruled against railroads
 Meat Inspection act-required strict cleanliness
requirements
 Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906 forbade the
manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated
food or drugs-led to FDA
Government Regulation

 Federal Reserve Act-created a central banking
system meant to provide the US with a sound yet
flexible currency
 16th Amendment-Gave the federal government the
right to tax income
SS.912.A.3.5 Identify significant
inventors of the Industrial
Revolution, including African

Americans
and
women.
 B. Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts concept now
perfected by industry.
 Cash register, stock ticker, and typewriter facilitated
business operations.
 Women increasingly entered the workplace to run these
machines.
 Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone (1876)
 Telephone network created nation-wide within a few
years.
Inventors

 Madam C.J. Walker- invented a line of hair and
beauty products for black women
 Thomas A. Edison
 Electric light (incandescent light bulb) (most famous),
phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone,
moving pictures.
 Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration"
 Invented over 1,000 inventions which were created in
an invention factory through a trial and error basis.
SS.912.A.3.8 Examine the
importance of social change and
reform in the late 19th and early

20th centuries (class system,
migration from farms to cities,
Social Gospel movement, role of
settlement houses and churches
in providing services to the
poor).
Urbanization

 Skyscrapers emerged as steel allowed for taller buildings
and elevators were perfected.
 With the dramatic increase of population in the major cities,
many problems emerged.
 Rampant crime: prostitution, drugs, gambling, violent crime.
 Unsanitary conditions persisted as cities could not keep up with
growth
 Perfection of "dumbbell" tenement in 1879; 7 or 8 stories high
with little ventilation while families were crammed into each
floor (50% of New York City housing)
Education

 Public education continued to gain strength
 Tax-supported elementary schools adopted on a nationwide
basis before Civil War.
 By 1870, more and more states making at least a gradeschool education compulsory.
 Public high schools spread significantly by 1880s and
1890s.
 Illiteracy rate dropped from 20% in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900.
 Education in cities generally more effective than in rural
America.
Social Darwinism

 Herbert Spencer -- advocated idea of Social Darwinism
 Applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human
business competition.
 The Gospel of Wealth -- justified uneven distribution of
wealth by industrialists
 Andrew Carnegie: The Gospel of Wealth – it’s the duty of
the rich to help the poor.
 Wealth was God’s will
 Stated money should be give away for the public good but
not to individuals in want.
Nativism

 Many Americans were alarmed at high birthrates of
children of immigrants after coming to the U.S. They might
over the country.
 More alarmed at prospect of these Southern European
immigrants mixing in the American society with their "inferior"
blood.
 Angry at immigrant willingness to work for "starvation"
wages.
 Concerned at foreign doctrines e.g. socialism, communism and
anarchism that immigrants bring.

SS.912.A.3.9 Examine causes,
course, and consequences of
the

labor movement in the late
19th and early 20th centuries.
Labor Movement

 National Labor Union (NLU) organized in 1866 (led by
William Sylvis) Major boost to the union movement.
 Designed to bring together skilled craft unions into one
large labor union.
 Knights of Labor
 Sought to include all workers in "one big union" including
blacks and women.
 Government regulation of railroads; postal savings banks,
government paper currency
Labor Movement

 American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
 Promoted a closed shop -- all workers in a unionized industry
had to belong to the union.
 Shortcomings of the AF of L: did not represent unskilled labor;
especially women and blacks. (This won’t change until the
early 1900’s)
 Major Strikes
 Homestead Strike (1892) in Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant
near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 Pullman Strike, 1894 Workers went on strike and even overturned
some Pullman cars. Railway traffic
from Chicago to Pacific Coast was now paralyzed.
Labor Movement

 Eugene V. Debs and his associates were sentenced to 6
months jail time for contempt of court. Debs used his time to
read radical literature which laid a philosophical foundation
for his later leadership of the Socialist movement in the U.S.
 Labor Day-The labor movement influenced Congress in
1894 to create a legal holiday to recognize the efforts of
labor/workers in the United States. Thus Labor Day was
established.


 This political cartoon is a criticism of which practice
in the 19th century?
 A. vertical integration
 B. monopolization
 C. industrialism
 D. laissez-faire capitalism
SS.912.A.3.11 Analyze the
impact of political machines
in United

States cities in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries
SS.912.A.3.12 Compare how
different nongovernmental
organizations and progressives

worked to shape public policy,
restore
economic opportunities, and
correct injustices in American
life.