CH1 – 3 REVIEW
Summary
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
Key Terms
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Logic
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Argument – premises, conclusions

Fallacy
Key Ideas and Skills
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Identify an argument’s premises and conclusions.
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Recognize fallacious arguments, which contain logical flaws so that
their conclusions are not well supported by their premises
CHAPTER 1: 1A RECOGNIZING FALLACIES
KEY TERMS AND KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
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Key Terms
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Proposition
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Truth values, truth tables
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Negation: not p
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Conjunction: p and q
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Disjunction: p or q
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Conditional: if p, then q
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Logical equivalence
1B: PROPOSITIONS AND TRUTH VALUES
KEY TERMS

Understand truth tables for negation, conjunction, disjunction,
conditional.
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Inclusive vs. exclusive: Inclusive (or) means either or both;
exclusive or means one or the other, but not both
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Variations on the conditional: if p, then q
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Converse: if q, then p
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Inverse: if not p then not q
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Contrapositive: if not q, then not p
1B: PROPOSITIONS AND TRUTH VALUES
KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
 Key
Terms:
 Set
 Categorical
 Propositions
 Venn
diagrams
1C: SETS AND VENN DIAGRAMS
KEY TERMS
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Set Relationships
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Subsets, disjoint sets, overlapping sets
Four categorical propositions
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All S are P;
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No S are P;
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Some S are P;
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Some S are not P
Uses of Venn diagrams
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Illustrating set relationships
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Organizing information
1C: SETS AND VENN DIAGRAMS
KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
 Inductive
argument
 Strength
 Deductive
argument
 Validity
 Soundness
ID: ANALYZING ARGUMENTS
KEY TERMS


Evaluating arguments
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Inductive arguments in terms of strength
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Deductive arguments in terms of validity and soundness
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Venn diagram tests of validity
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Chains of conditionals
Induction and deduction in mathematics

Propose a theorem inductively
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Prove a theorem deductively
1D: ANALYZING ARGUMENTS
KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS

Key Terms
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Critical thinking
Key ideas and skills
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1. Read (listen) carefully
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2. look for hidden assumptions
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3. Identify the real issue
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4. Understand the options
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5. Watch for fine print and missing information
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6. Are other conclusions possible
1E: CRITICAL THINKING IN EVERYDAY LIFE
KEY TERMS AND KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
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Key Terms
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Units
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Conversion factor
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Currency conversions
Key ideas and skills
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Identify units with key words per, square, or cube or with hyphens

Write conversion factors in three equivalent forms
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Work with units to check answers and help solve problems
CHAPTER 2: 2A PROBLEM SOLVING POWER OF UNITS
KEY TERMS AND KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
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US customary system (USCS)
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Metric system (SI)
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Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
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Absolute zero
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Energy units: Calorie, Joule, Kilowatt-hour
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Power units: 1 watt = 1 joule/s
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Density
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Concentration
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Blood alcohol
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content
2B: MORE PROBLEM SOLVING POWER OF UNITS
KEY TERMS

Understand and convert basic USCS and metric units
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Know metric prefixes
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Know temperature units and convert between °F, °C, and Kelvin
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Understand energy units and power units
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Energy is what makes matter move or heat up
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Power is the rate at which energy is used
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Apply the concept of density to materials, population, and
information
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Apply the concept of concentration to pollution and blood
alcohol content
2B: MORE PROBLEM SOLVING POWER OF UNITS
KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
 Key
Terms
 Four-step
 Key
problem-solving process
ideas and skills
 Apply
eight strategic hints for problem
solving
2C: PROBLEM-SOLVING GUIELINES AND HINTS
KEY TERMS AND KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
Key
ideas
Absolute
Relative
Change
Absolute
Relative
change
difference
difference
3A: USES AND ABUSES OF PERCENTAGES
KEY TERMS

Absolute change=new value-reference value
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Relative change (formula)
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Absolute difference (formula)
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Relative difference (formula)
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Understand the of versus more than rule
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Understand percentage points versus %
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Solve percentage problems
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Identify common abuses of percentages
3A: USES AND ABUSES OF PERCENTAGES
KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS
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Key terms
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Scientific notation
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Order of magnitude
Key ideas and skills
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Write and interpret numbers in scientific notation
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Put numbers in perspective through
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Estimation, including order of magnitude estimates
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Comparisons
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Scaling
3B: PUTTING NUMBERS IN PERSPECTIVE
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Significant digits
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Random error
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Systematic error
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Absolute error
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Relative error
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Accuracy
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Precision
3C: DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY
KEY TERMS

Distinguish significant digits from non significant zeros
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Identify and distinguish between random and systematic errors
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Absolute error
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Relative error
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Distinguish between accuracy and precision
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Apply rounding rules for combining approximate numbers
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Add/subtract – round to the precision of the least precise number in
the problem
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Mult./division – round to the same number of significant digits as in
the number in the problem with the fewest significant digits
3C: DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY
KEY IDEAS AND SKILLS

Key terms

Index number
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Reference value
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Consumer price index (CPI)
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Inflation

Key ideas and skills
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Understand index numbers and how they are useful for
comparisons

Understand how the CPI is used to measure inflation
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Adjust prices for inflation with the CPI (formula)
3D: INDEX NUMBERS: THE CPI AND
BEYOND
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Key terms

Simpson’s paradox
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Test results: false +, true +, false -, true –
Key Ideas and skills

Understand and give examples of Simpson’s paradox

Understand and give examples of how mammograms and
polygraphs can lead to surprising results

Understand and give examples of how Democrats and Republicans
can make different claims about the same data even if neither side
is lying
3E: HOW NUMBERS DECEIVE: POLYGRAPHS,
MAMMOGRAMS, AND MORE