Student Investigators: Samuel Beck, Bradley Bernard, Rheagan Chambers, Kristen Galloway, Brandon Landry, Alexandra Williams Faculty Advisors: Steven Hall, Ph. D., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Charles Malveaux, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Brent Christner, Ph. D., Department of Biological Sciences Noelle Bryan, Department of Biological Sciences 1 Background • Bio-precipitation • Ice nucleating bacteria • $ 1 billion in crop loss due to frost damage in US • Current methods • HASP, Ice core, Hailstones (Christner, Brent C., 2012) Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 2 Design Problem Statement To develop an efficient device that will collect microbes in order to increase bacterial data at known altitudes satisfying Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. This will be accomplished by mounting the ACROBE to an Unmanned Aerial System-Hexacopter (UAS-H). Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 3 Design Measurable Objectives • Collect ≥ 1m3 of air • Collect within ±2m of specified altitude • 80% viability • Weigh less than 10lbs Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 4 Design House of Quality Engineering Characteristics 3 1 1 1 9 9 9 82 8.37 5 9 9 36 3.68 10 3 1 3 9 1 1 9 135 13.79 3 9 9 1 battery life of fan 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 104 10.62 4 9 9 1 9 Geometry 3 9 9 Data Logging 3 1 1 1 Remotely Operated 3 Modular 9 # of Intakes Experimentation Time Size/Weight minutes Fan Speed 4 4 2 5 4 1 2 3 3 4 3 5 m/s Materials Cost Ease of Use Maitenance Reproducibility Sample Size Aesthetics Safe to Use Easy Storage/Travel Long Lifespan Elevation Processing Time Sterility Raw Score Relative Weight % Rank Order Importance Weight Factor Customer Requirements inches/ lbsseconds S/W Ratio Improvement Direction Units 45 4.6 9 3 65 6.64 6 9 9 3 9 175 17.88 2 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 9 211 21.55 1 51 5.21 8 Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 18 1.84 11 57 5.82 7 5 Design Product Design Specification • • • • • • • • Construction of device will include carbon fiber Assembly will be modular where possible to aid in repair and disassembly The device will be designed for reproducibility and reliability Operation vacuum pressure is approximately 0.03 psig (206.84 Pag) Operation between 40 ˚F and 100 ˚F (4.44˚C and 37.78 ˚C) Sampling Time: 2.5-20 minutes 70% ethanol and 2000 ppm NaHClO for cleaning Compliance with FAA Regulations Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 6 Design Physical Decomposition Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 7 Design Detailed Function Structure Diagram Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart 8 Design Concept Generation Morphological Chart Collection Platform Data Logging Bacterial Extraction ∆P Source Cleaning Impact UAS-A Manual Drainage Vacuum Pump Autoclave Impingement UAS-H Remote + Automated Swabbing Inducted Fan 70 % Ethanol Air Sampling Balloon None Stamping Propeller Ethylene Oxide Ice Core Aircraft Automated Pipetting Turbine Boiling Water Hailstone Rocket Agitation Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart NaHClO Dry heat 9 Design Impactor Design Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 10 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Calculations 50%collection diameter (Yao and Mainelis, 2007) 𝑑50 = 9η𝑊/𝜌𝑝 𝑈0 𝐶𝑐 * 𝑆𝑡𝑘50 𝒅𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝝁𝒎 𝑆𝑡𝑘50 = 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 η = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑊 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝜌𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑈𝑂 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Diameter of small inlet tubes (max Re=3000) 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜌𝑣𝐷 𝑅𝑒𝜇 ∴𝐷= 𝜇 𝜌𝑣 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 μ= 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 Volumetric Flow Rate 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 v = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝒎𝟑 𝒔 Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 11 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Calculations (Cont.) Number of tubes needed in order to filter 1𝐦𝟑 of air in 10 minutes 𝑄= 𝑚3 1.0134 𝑠 × 60𝑠 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 10𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0608𝑚3 1 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 0.0608𝑚3 × 𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = 1𝑚3 1 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝒏𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔 Diameter of outlet pipe necessary to equal 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐭 of 37 tubes 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑛 × 𝐴 = 37 × 5.0671 × 10−6 𝑚2 = 1.875 × 10−4 𝑚2 𝜋 −4 2 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1.875 × 10 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 4 𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓𝒎 × = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝒎 Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 12 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Design-Efficiency Factors Marple and Willeke’s Method • 5 ≥ 𝑊𝑆 ≥ 1 • Throat length ≥ Nozzle Diameter • 500<Re<3000 • Velocity of 20 – 30 m/s through inlet tubes Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 13 (Marple and Willeke, 1976) Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Smart Control System (New Generation Hobbies, 2014) (Sparkfun) • Arduino platform with ATmega2560 microcontroller • Pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind direction sensor • Out-runner brushless DC motor drives vacuum • Three servos to open and close inlets and outlet • SD card shield for data acquisition Design (Mouser Electronics, 2014) Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems (ArduinoBoardMega, 2014) 14 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Negative Feedback • Pressure sensor will determine motor’s speed • Wind direction will determine where ACROBE inlets face Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 15 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Arduino Circuit Schematic Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 16 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Materials • • • • • • Physical Materials Biological Materials • • • Carbon fiber Aluminum Neoprene gasket Glycerol Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A) Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Epoxy Micro-controls Industrial Grade Aluminum Foil Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 17 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Materials (Industry Search, 2014) (6061 Aluminum, 2014) Primary Factors: Weight, Corrosion Resistance, Non-cytotoxic, Cost Secondary Factors: Surface texture, Electrical Properties, Strength Design (West System Epoxy, 2014) Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems (3K Plain Weave Carbon Fiber, 2014) 18 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Fluid Dynamics Autodesk® Simulation CFD 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 9.8676 × 10 −5 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 19.474 𝑚 𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2998.21 Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.045 19 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly AutoDesk® CFD Data Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 20 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly ACROBE-Hexacopter Assembly Design Impact Calculations Efficiency Control Systems 21 Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly Budget Items Price Epoxy $15.99 PVC Pipe $24.07 Clear Lexan $12.72 Polycarbonate Tubing $137.91 Vacuum and Fuel Pressure Kit $17.84 Temperature and Humidity Sensor $29.95 ABS Pressure Sensor(x3) $48.27 TOTAL $286.75/$1100.00 22 Budget Bill of Materials Gantt Chart Conclusion References Bill of Materials Item Quantity Combined Price MPX4115a 3 $48.27 HIH6130 Sparkfun 1 $29.95 Arduino Mega 1 $37.52 EMS22P50-B28-LS6 1 $37.80 SD Card Shield Adafruit 1 $19.95 Futaba ASD Sensor 1 $179.97 Futaba BLS153 3 $360.00 7.4 V 2S LiPo 1200 mAh 1 $16.99 Futaba R7008SB S.Bus2 2.4GHz FASSTest Rx 1 $139.98 CF Rod 1” x 60” 1 $75.99 CF Rod .686” x 72” 1 $55.99 CF Rod .1” x 24” 2 $4.90 West Systems 105/206 Epoxy 1 $62.61 West Systems 423 Graphite Powder 1 $19.03 23 Budget Bill of Materials Gantt Chart Conclusion References Bill of Materials Item Quantity Combined Price CF Plate 300mm x 100mm x 2mm 2 $39.99 Frekote 700 1 $20.50 Neoprene w/ Adhesive 54” x 1’ x .125” 1 $20.00 6061-T6 Aluminum 4” x 4” x .125” 2 $23.66 Du-Bro 993 Nylon Bolt 3” x .25” 1 $2.36 Aluminum Foil 18” x 25’ x .001” 1 $16.95 Teknova R2A Broth Premix (500 g) 1 $176.57 Growcells MRGF-6235-12 10X PBS (12 L) 1 $292.78 2,000ppm NaHClO (1 L) 1 SEOH R2A Agar Media (500 g) 1 $75.52 20 pk. Petri Dishes 100mm x 13mm 10 $79.50 Carbon Fiber Fabric 3K 50” x 36” 1 $50.85 Heathrow Scientific HS86655 Stainless Steel Large Bacterial Cell Spreader 1 $14.76 - Total: $724.28/ $1906.67 Budget Bill of Materials Gantt Chart Conclusion 24 References Gantt Chart 25 Budget Bill of Materials Gantt Chart Conclusion References Conclusion • Ergonomic, easy to use design • Efficient collection with high repeatability/reproducibility • Multiple runs in a day • Fully automated • Data collection • First of its kind 26 Budget Bill of Materials Gantt Chart Conclusion References References • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "6061 Aluminum." 6061 Aluminum, Aluminium, Alumina Bobco Metals LLC. Bob Co. Metals, 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. "Air - Altitude, Density and Specific Volume." Air - Altitude, Density and Specific Volume. Engineering Toolbox, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. "Arduino - ArduinoBoardMega." Arduino - ArduinoBoardMega. N.p., 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. “Carbon Fiber Fabric." 3K Plain Weave Carbon Fiber. The Composite Store (CST), 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. Christner, Brent C. "Cloudy with a Chance of Microbes." News Magazine of the American Society for Microbiology Feb. 2012: 70-75. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. "Darcy-Weisbach Equation History." Biosystems-OK State. Oklahoma State, 15 June 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. "EMS22P50-B28-LS6 Bourns | Mouser." Mouser Electronics. Mouser Electronics, 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. "Gold Streak Plate -- Petri Dish Coasters." Flickr. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. Journal of Microbiological Methods, Volume 107, December 2014, Pages 161-168 N.C. Bryan, M. Stewart, D. Granger, T.G. Guzik, B.C. Christner Marple, Virgil A., and Klaus Willeke. "Impactor Design." Atmospheric Environment 10 (1976): 891- 96. University of North Carolina. Pergamon Press. Web. 20 Nov. 2014 "Microscope Use in Brewing." Microscope Use. N.p., 7 Oct. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014 New Generation Hobbies. MPX4115A Pressure Sensor, 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. "Nylon Nuts, Bolts & Washers." IndustrySearch. Industry Search, 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. "SparkFun Humidity and Temperature Sensor Breakout - HIH6130." - SEN-11295. Sparkfun, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. "West Systems Laminating Epoxy Resin." West System Epoxy. The Composite Store (CTS), 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. “What Can I Do With My Model Aircraft?" Hobby/Recreational Flying. Federal Aviation Administration, 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. Whyte, W., G. Green, and A. Albisu. "Collection Efficiency and Design of Microbial Air Samplers." Journal of Aerosol Science 38.1 (2007): 97 110.ScienceDirect. Web. 15 Sept. 2014 Yao, Maosheng, and Gediminas Mainelis. "Investigation of Cut-Off Sizes and Collection Efficiencies of Portable Microbial Samplers." Aerosol Science and Technology 40.8 (2007): 595-606. Taylor and Francis Online. Taylor and Francis, 1 Feb. 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. 27 Budget Bill of Materials Gantt Chart Conclusion References ACR BE Thank you! 28 Questions 29