Student Investigators:
Samuel Beck, Bradley Bernard, Rheagan Chambers, Kristen
Galloway, Brandon Landry, Alexandra Williams
Faculty Advisors:
Steven Hall, Ph. D., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Charles Malveaux, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Brent Christner, Ph. D., Department of Biological Sciences
Noelle Bryan, Department of Biological Sciences
1
Background
• Bio-precipitation
• Ice nucleating bacteria
•
$ 1 billion in crop loss due to
frost damage in US
• Current methods
•
HASP, Ice core, Hailstones
(Christner, Brent C., 2012)
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
2
Design
Problem Statement
To develop an efficient device that will collect microbes in
order to increase bacterial data at known altitudes
satisfying Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
regulations. This will be accomplished by mounting the
ACROBE to an Unmanned Aerial System-Hexacopter
(UAS-H).
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
3
Design
Measurable Objectives
• Collect ≥ 1m3 of air
• Collect within ±2m of specified altitude
• 80% viability
• Weigh less than 10lbs
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
4
Design
House of Quality
Engineering Characteristics
3
1
1
1
9
9
9
82
8.37
5
9
9
36
3.68
10
3
1
3
9
1
1
9
135
13.79
3
9
9
1
battery life of fan
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
104
10.62
4
9
9
1
9
Geometry
3
9
9
Data Logging
3
1
1
1
Remotely Operated
3
Modular
9
# of Intakes
Experimentation Time
Size/Weight
minutes
Fan Speed
4
4
2
5
4
1
2
3
3
4
3
5
m/s
Materials
Cost
Ease of Use
Maitenance
Reproducibility
Sample Size
Aesthetics
Safe to Use
Easy Storage/Travel
Long Lifespan
Elevation
Processing Time
Sterility
Raw Score
Relative Weight %
Rank Order
Importance Weight Factor
Customer Requirements
inches/ lbsseconds
S/W Ratio
Improvement Direction
Units
45
4.6
9
3
65
6.64
6
9
9
3
9
175
17.88
2
1
3
9
3
9
3
3
9
211
21.55
1
51
5.21
8
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
18
1.84
11
57
5.82
7
5
Design
Product Design Specification
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Construction of device will include carbon fiber
Assembly will be modular where possible to aid in repair and
disassembly
The device will be designed for reproducibility and reliability
Operation vacuum pressure is approximately 0.03 psig (206.84 Pag)
Operation between 40 ˚F and 100 ˚F (4.44˚C and 37.78 ˚C)
Sampling Time: 2.5-20 minutes
70% ethanol and 2000 ppm NaHClO for cleaning
Compliance with FAA Regulations
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
6
Design
Physical Decomposition
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
7
Design
Detailed Function Structure
Diagram
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
8
Design
Concept Generation
Morphological Chart
Collection
Platform
Data Logging
Bacterial
Extraction
∆P Source
Cleaning
Impact
UAS-A
Manual
Drainage
Vacuum
Pump
Autoclave
Impingement
UAS-H
Remote +
Automated
Swabbing
Inducted
Fan
70 % Ethanol
Air Sampling
Balloon
None
Stamping
Propeller
Ethylene Oxide
Ice Core
Aircraft
Automated
Pipetting
Turbine
Boiling Water
Hailstone
Rocket
Agitation
Background Prob. Statement Objectives HoQ PDS Decomp. Function Diagram Morph. Chart
NaHClO
Dry heat
9
Design
Impactor Design
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
10
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Calculations
50%collection diameter (Yao and Mainelis, 2007)
𝑑50 =
9η𝑊/𝜌𝑝 𝑈0 𝐶𝑐 * 𝑆𝑡𝑘50
𝒅𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝝁𝒎
𝑆𝑡𝑘50 = 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
η = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝜌𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑈𝑂 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Diameter of small inlet tubes (max Re=3000)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜌𝑣𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝜇
∴𝐷=
𝜇
𝜌𝑣
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
μ= 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒊𝒏
Volumetric Flow Rate
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
v = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝒎𝟑
𝒔
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
11
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Calculations (Cont.)
Number of tubes needed in order to filter 1𝐦𝟑 of air in 10 minutes
𝑄=
𝑚3
1.0134
𝑠
×
60𝑠
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
×
10𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.0608𝑚3
1
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
0.0608𝑚3
× 𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = 1𝑚3
1 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝒏𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔
Diameter of outlet pipe necessary to equal 𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐭 of 37 tubes
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑛 × 𝐴 = 37 × 5.0671 × 10−6 𝑚2 = 1.875 × 10−4 𝑚2
𝜋
−4
2
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1.875 × 10 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
4
𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝒊𝒏
𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓𝒎 ×
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝒊𝒏
𝟏𝒎
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
12
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Design-Efficiency Factors
Marple and Willeke’s Method
• 5 ≥ 𝑊𝑆 ≥ 1
• Throat length ≥ Nozzle Diameter
• 500<Re<3000
• Velocity of 20 – 30 m/s through inlet tubes
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
13
(Marple and Willeke, 1976)
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Smart Control System
(New Generation Hobbies, 2014)
(Sparkfun)
• Arduino platform with ATmega2560 microcontroller
• Pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind direction
sensor
• Out-runner brushless DC motor drives vacuum
• Three servos to open and close inlets and outlet
• SD card shield for data acquisition
Design
(Mouser Electronics, 2014)
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
(ArduinoBoardMega, 2014)
14
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Negative Feedback
•
Pressure sensor will determine motor’s speed
•
Wind direction will determine where ACROBE inlets face
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
15
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Arduino Circuit Schematic
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
16
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Materials
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physical Materials
Biological Materials
•
•
•
Carbon fiber
Aluminum
Neoprene gasket
Glycerol
Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A)
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)
Epoxy
Micro-controls
Industrial Grade Aluminum Foil
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
17
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Materials
(Industry Search, 2014)
(6061 Aluminum, 2014)
Primary Factors: Weight, Corrosion Resistance, Non-cytotoxic, Cost
Secondary Factors: Surface texture, Electrical Properties, Strength
Design
(West System Epoxy, 2014)
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
(3K Plain Weave Carbon Fiber, 2014)
18
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Fluid Dynamics
Autodesk® Simulation CFD
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 9.8676 × 10
−5
𝑚3
𝑠
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 19.474
𝑚
𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2998.21
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.045
19
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
AutoDesk® CFD Data
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
20
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
ACROBE-Hexacopter Assembly
Design
Impact
Calculations
Efficiency
Control Systems
21
Materials Fluid Dynamics Assembly
Budget
Items
Price
Epoxy
$15.99
PVC Pipe
$24.07
Clear Lexan
$12.72
Polycarbonate Tubing
$137.91
Vacuum and Fuel Pressure Kit
$17.84
Temperature and Humidity Sensor
$29.95
ABS Pressure Sensor(x3)
$48.27
TOTAL
$286.75/$1100.00
22
Budget
Bill of Materials
Gantt Chart
Conclusion
References
Bill of Materials
Item
Quantity
Combined Price
MPX4115a
3
$48.27
HIH6130 Sparkfun
1
$29.95
Arduino Mega
1
$37.52
EMS22P50-B28-LS6
1
$37.80
SD Card Shield Adafruit
1
$19.95
Futaba ASD Sensor
1
$179.97
Futaba BLS153
3
$360.00
7.4 V 2S LiPo 1200 mAh
1
$16.99
Futaba R7008SB S.Bus2 2.4GHz FASSTest Rx
1
$139.98
CF Rod 1” x 60”
1
$75.99
CF Rod .686” x 72”
1
$55.99
CF Rod .1” x 24”
2
$4.90
West Systems 105/206 Epoxy
1
$62.61
West Systems 423 Graphite Powder
1
$19.03
23
Budget
Bill of Materials
Gantt Chart
Conclusion
References
Bill of Materials
Item
Quantity
Combined Price
CF Plate 300mm x 100mm x 2mm
2
$39.99
Frekote 700
1
$20.50
Neoprene w/ Adhesive 54” x 1’ x .125”
1
$20.00
6061-T6 Aluminum 4” x 4” x .125”
2
$23.66
Du-Bro 993 Nylon Bolt 3” x .25”
1
$2.36
Aluminum Foil 18” x 25’ x .001”
1
$16.95
Teknova R2A Broth Premix (500 g)
1
$176.57
Growcells MRGF-6235-12 10X PBS (12 L)
1
$292.78
2,000ppm NaHClO (1 L)
1
SEOH R2A Agar Media (500 g)
1
$75.52
20 pk. Petri Dishes 100mm x 13mm
10
$79.50
Carbon Fiber Fabric 3K 50” x 36”
1
$50.85
Heathrow Scientific HS86655 Stainless
Steel Large Bacterial Cell Spreader
1
$14.76
-
Total: $724.28/ $1906.67
Budget
Bill of Materials
Gantt Chart
Conclusion
24
References
Gantt Chart
25
Budget
Bill of Materials
Gantt Chart
Conclusion
References
Conclusion
• Ergonomic, easy to use design
• Efficient collection with high repeatability/reproducibility
• Multiple runs in a day
• Fully automated
• Data collection
• First of its kind
26
Budget
Bill of Materials
Gantt Chart
Conclusion
References
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
"6061 Aluminum." 6061 Aluminum, Aluminium, Alumina Bobco Metals LLC. Bob Co. Metals, 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
"Air - Altitude, Density and Specific Volume." Air - Altitude, Density and Specific Volume. Engineering Toolbox, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
"Arduino - ArduinoBoardMega." Arduino - ArduinoBoardMega. N.p., 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
“Carbon Fiber Fabric." 3K Plain Weave Carbon Fiber. The Composite Store (CST), 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
Christner, Brent C. "Cloudy with a Chance of Microbes." News Magazine of the American Society for Microbiology Feb. 2012: 70-75. Web. 20
Nov. 2014.
"Darcy-Weisbach Equation History." Biosystems-OK State. Oklahoma State, 15 June 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
"EMS22P50-B28-LS6 Bourns | Mouser." Mouser Electronics. Mouser Electronics, 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
"Gold Streak Plate -- Petri Dish Coasters." Flickr. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
Journal of Microbiological Methods, Volume 107, December 2014, Pages 161-168 N.C. Bryan, M. Stewart, D. Granger, T.G. Guzik, B.C.
Christner
Marple, Virgil A., and Klaus Willeke. "Impactor Design." Atmospheric Environment 10 (1976): 891- 96. University of North Carolina.
Pergamon Press. Web. 20 Nov. 2014
"Microscope Use in Brewing." Microscope Use. N.p., 7 Oct. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014
New Generation Hobbies. MPX4115A Pressure Sensor, 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2014.
"Nylon Nuts, Bolts & Washers." IndustrySearch. Industry Search, 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
"SparkFun Humidity and Temperature Sensor Breakout - HIH6130." - SEN-11295. Sparkfun, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
"West Systems Laminating Epoxy Resin." West System Epoxy. The Composite Store (CTS), 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
“What Can I Do With My Model Aircraft?" Hobby/Recreational Flying. Federal Aviation Administration, 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 19 Nov.
2014.
Whyte, W., G. Green, and A. Albisu. "Collection Efficiency and Design of Microbial Air Samplers." Journal of Aerosol Science 38.1 (2007): 97
110.ScienceDirect. Web. 15 Sept. 2014
Yao, Maosheng, and Gediminas Mainelis. "Investigation of Cut-Off Sizes and Collection Efficiencies of Portable Microbial
Samplers." Aerosol Science and Technology 40.8 (2007): 595-606. Taylor and Francis Online. Taylor and Francis, 1 Feb. 2007. Web. 15 Nov.
2014.
27
Budget
Bill of Materials
Gantt Chart
Conclusion
References
ACR
BE
Thank you!
28
Questions
29