Subject/Course Title: Biology-H
Unit Title/Skill Set: 5. DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis--10 Days
Overview: This unit examines the role of nucleic acids and cellular organelles in
the production of proteins and the resultant expression of phenotype.
Unit Essential Question(s): How do organisms use DNA and RNA to make
proteins? What factors affect gene expression?
Unit Competencies—What students need to be able to do (skills) as Do Now’s.
2. Explain the structural relationships between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
4. Describe how DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of the genetic
information.
8. Describe the role of the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi apparatus in the production and processing
of proteins.
9. Describe how genetic mutations alter DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype.
10. Explain the unified process of protein synthesis.
Unit Concepts—What students need to know as Guided Reading
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Structure of DNA
o Components of a nucleotide
o Base-pair rule (Chargaff’s Rule)
Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
Semi-conservative/DNA replication process
Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
Types of RNA
Transcription uses DNA to make RNA
Translation uses RNA to make a protein
Role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in assembling, transporting, packaging
and modifying different proteins
Phenotype as a function of gene expression (DNA to protein to phenotype)
Different types of gene mutations
Possible effect of mutation (change in the DNA sequence) on phenotype
Environmental influences on phenotype
NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SYLLABUS—H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Every reading assignment is expected to be completed BEFORE you come to class. Confused about the
reading? Prepare questions to ask in class AS YOU READ.
Be a Scout and Be Prepared…Reading quizzes may be given at ANY time.
Homework is due ON THE DUE DATE (Sectionals—Turn in on the due date…Field trips and
illnesses—turn in on your first day back.).
Do Now’s are to be completed in class and turned in THAT BLOCK. (Absent??—Turn in first day
back. Questions on the reading that goes with the Do Now??—Turn in written question specifying
what you don’t understand. Be specific. Don’t say, “I don’t get it”.)
Vocabulary understanding is necessary. Attend to the words at the beginning of each chapter, or words
that you encounter that are new to you.
6. **In order for you to participate in structured activities and labs, you must have
your Guided Reading up-to-date as well as your vocabulary.
7.
Labs are to be read beforehand.
DAY
LESSON
Structural relationship between DNA,
1
genes, and chromosomes
Nucleotide cha-cha
Vocabulary/Reading
*Slides throughout unit
Vocabulary/Reading
2
Pre-Activity: Chutes and Ladders—
background questions
Activity: Chutes and Ladders
DNA replication
3
Vocabulary/Reading
4
5
6
7
8
9
Vocabulary/Reading
Pre-Activity: Replication Rock, Paper,
Scissors—background questions
Activity: Rock, Paper, Scissors
DNA transcription
Reading the AA Table
Vocabulary/Reading
Vocabulary/Reading
Pre-Activity: Transcription
Jeopardy—background questions
Activity: Transcription Jeopardy
DNA translation to proteins
W’s of translation and proteins, ER,
Golgi
Vocabulary/Reading
Worksheet-Genetic Code
Vocabulary/Reading
Pre-Activity: Translation Penny
Toss—background questions
Activity: Translation Penny Toss
Lab-The Stellar Thread
Vocabulary/Reading
HOMEWORK
Read: 10.1
Discovery of
DNA
Read: 10.2 DNA
Structure
Read: 10.3 DNA
Replication
/ DUE
Read:10.1, 2
Vocab:
8 words
Read: 10.3
Read: 10.4
Protein Synthesis
p. 204-7
Transcription
Read: 10.4
Translation p.
208-10
Vocab:
8 Words
Read: 204-7
Vocab:
8 Words
Read: 208-10
Read: Mutations
p. 239-240
Vocab:
8 Words
DUE: 40 Vocab
Genetic mutations and phenotypic
expression
Random Acts of Mutation activity
Lab—Mutations
Exploring: Animation websites
10
11
Unified theory of protein synthesisPutting it all together
USA Test Prep
Pre-lab: Protein Synthesis Model—
background questions
Lab—Protein Synthesis Model-CHNOPS
Test sometime, somewhere, etc.
Probably Day 3 of next unit.
Animation resources: You may also
locate these on the server in my
distribution box under Nucleic
Acids
http://www.phschool.com/science/biol
ogy_
place/labbench/index.html
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/bi
ology/discover
bio4/_core/ch/08/animations.aspx
http://www.bozemanscience.com/
http://www.dnai.org/
Read: 239-40
DUE:
Guided Reading
DUE:
CHNOPS Lab
Vocabulary
 You must have at least 4 categories of words. (HINT: The category relates to
where a reaction occurs, or what is produced.)
 Fold a piece of paper into four squares. This is your game board.
 Write the category in the upper right-hand corner of each square on the board.
 Each category of words is on a different color of paper (I’ll distribute paper).
 The definition on one side, the word on the other.
adenine
amino acids
anticodon
Chargaff’s Rule
chromosomes
codon
complimentary strand
cytosine
deletion
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
deoxyribose
DNA replication
double helix
endoplasmic reticulum
enzymes
frameshift mutation
gene mutation
genes
Golgi apparatus
guanine
hydrogen bond
insertion
missense
nonsense
nucleotide
nucleus
parent strand
phenotype
phosphate group
point mutation
polypeptides
proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribosomes
semi-conservative model
silent
thymine
transcription
translation
triplet
uracil
DNA Chutes and Ladders Questions
Name ______________________
1. Name three scientists responsible for discovering the structure of DNA.
2. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
3. What two components of a nucleotide never change?
4. What component of a nucleotide changes?
5. What are the four DNA bases and how do they pair?
6. Wilkins and Franklin are known for…
7. Watson and Crick are known for…
8. Explain the significance of the physical structure of each DNA base.
9. How can every living thing share the same four bases in their DNA and still have
so much variety?
10. What is the result of a single error in DNA bases?
REPLICATION ROCK/PAPER/SCISSORS QUESTIONS
Name _____________________
1. What is the process called whereby a new copy of DNA is made?
2. What is the reason that DNA makes a copy of itself?
3. The ending, ‘ase’ refers to any molecule (usually an enzyme) that breaks bonds.
What do you think DNA helicase does?
4. The resulting DNA strand from replication is an exact ___ of the original strand.
5. An important function of DNA polymerase is to check the new strand for ____.
6. What kind of bonds are formed between the bases?
7. A gene is a series of bases that code for a single ______?
8. What are replication forks?
9. Explain what a complementary base pair is. Give an example.
10. A virus that invades bacteria and makes the bacteria produce more viruses are
called…
TRANSCRIPTION JEOPARDY GAME QUESTIONS
NAME _______________________
1. The process of transcription copies the DNA code onto…
2. Three differences between DNA and mRNA are…
3. Thymine in DNA is replaced by ___ in mRNA.
4. DNA is found ONLY in the nucleus, but mRNA is made in the nucleus and then
goes to the…
5. In the first step of transcription, DNA unwinds, the Hydrogen bonds between
bases break and the DNA separates. Then…
6. What are the base pairing in mRNA?
7. RNA polymerase does what in transcription?
8. Explain how a template works in transcription.
9. How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes during transcription?
10. What is the function of mRNA?
Penny Toss Translation
Name_________________
1. A codon is to mRNA as a ______ is to tRNA.
2. Ribosomes function as an ________________________ for proteins.
3. The role of the ER is to _________________________________.
4. Golgi apparatus functions in _________________, __________________,
_____________________, and ________________different proteins.
5. The ‘essential’ building blocks of proteins are ___________________, and
come from the _____________that you eat.
6. ______________help to form peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids.
7. After the long chain of aa’s are formed, the chain ____________________ and
____________________which will determine its function.
8. The genetic code for making proteins is described as being nearly ___________
as all living things use the same series of ___________ in groups of three known
as a ____________.
9. In order for a ribosome to begin making a protein, ___________must be present
in the codon.
10. In order for a ribosome to stop making a protein, a ‘stop’ codon is needed. What
disease may occur if there is a missing stop?
Name: ___________________________________
LAB – Creating CHNOPS!
Introduction
Genes determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood types. Genes are
composed of short segments of DNA, which “code” for the synthesis of specific
_______________. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of
_______________ __________ in a protein, and thus the structure of a protein.
In the process of transcription, which takes place in the _______________ of a cell,
messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and copies the DNA’s nucleotide sequences in the form
of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this information to the
_______________ of a cell, where protein synthesis takes place. The code, in DNA or
mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a protein.
However, the mRNA is NOT directly recognized by amino acids. Another type of RNA
called transfer RNA, or _______________, brings the mRNA and amino acids together at
the ribosome (rRNA). As the code carried by the mRNA is “read” or “translated” at a
ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive and add the _______________ __________ they
carry to the growing polypeptide chain. This process is called translation.
In this assignment, you will simulate the mechanism of protein synthesis and determine
the traits inherited by fictitious organisms called CHNOPS! The cells of a CHNOPS
organism only contain one chromosome with seven genes (Gene A through Gene G),
each of which is responsible for a certain trait.
Procedure
On the next page you will see the complete DNA sequence for a certain CHNOPS
individual. There are six specific genes found within this individual’s genome. Please do
the following for each gene found on the CHNOPS’s chromosome.
1.
Transcribe the information into the correct mRNA sequence. When given a
complete DNA sequence, the specific strand that is transcribed is the strand
that is said to run in the 3’ to 5’ direction. Make sure you know which strand
on the DNA sequence – top or bottom – is the strand that runs in this
direction! Write the correct mRNA sequence in the appropriate box.
2.
Translate this mRNA sequence into the appropriate amino acid (AA)
sequence using the mRNA genetic code. Use the following irregular
abbreviations for the four selected amino acids below. Write this information
in the appropriate box.
Asparagine (asn) Glutamine (gln) Isoleucine (ile)
Tryptophan (trp)
3.
Using Data Table 1, identify what trait the CHNOPS organism has based
upon the amino acid sequence. Fill in this information in the correct box.
Activity Analysis
1.
Draw your CHNOPS organism, complete with the 7 traits that you discovered
are coded for in his/her genes.
2.
You are a molecular biologist and have discovered a new protein in the
CHNOPS organism. You are able to analyze the protein and determine the
amino acid sequence. Then what would you have to do to determine the
particular DNA sequence that coded for this protein?
3.
Complete the following table in your lab notebook to show how the processes
of translation and transcription differ.
Transcription
Translation
Location in cell?
Molecules involved?
Products?
4.
Create TWO NEW additional traits for your CHNOPS. Make sure that your
amino acids, RNAs and DNA have not already been described as different
amino acids/traits in the tables on the other page! For each trait…
a.
What is the new trait? (i.e. eye color, height, etc…)
b.
Create an amino acid sequence with at least four amino acids that
would make up this protein.
c.
What is the mRNA sequence?
d.
What is the DNA sequence?
NAME __________________________________
Mutations Worksheet
(staff.fcps.net/einman/biology/MutationsWS.doc)
Deletion, Insertion & Substitution
There are several types of mutation:
 DELETION (a base is lost/deleted)
 INSERTION (an extra base is added/inserted)
--- Deletion & insertion may cause what’s called a FRAMESHIFT mutation,
meaning the reading “frame"
changes, thus changing the amino acid sequence
from this point forward
 SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another)
--- If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE
mutation
--- If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT
mutation
--- If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a
NONSENSE mutation
Complete the boxes below. Classify each as Deletion, Insertion or Substitution
AND as either
frameshift, missense, silent or nonsense (Hint: Deletion & Insertion will always be
frameshift).
Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
mRNA Sequence:
Amino Acid Sequence:
Mutated DNA Sequence #1
T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
he chan
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence #2
T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
chan
Mutated DNA Sequence #3
T A C A C C T T A G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
chan
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence #4
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C T A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
chan
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? _________________________________
Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
mRNA Sequence:
Amino Acid Sequence:
Mutated DNA Sequence #5
T A C A C C T T G G G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? _________________________________
1. Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations of a trait?
2. Which type of mutation does not result in an abnormal amino acid sequence?
3. Which type of mutation stops the translation of an mRNA molecule?
chan
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is the result of a type of mutation in the gene that codes for
part of the hemoglobin molecule. Recall that hemoglobin carries oxygen in your red
bloods cells. The mutation causes these red blood cells to become stiff & sickleshaped when they release their oxygen. The sickled cells tend to get stuck in blood
vessels, causing pain and increased risk of stroke, blindness, damage to the heart &
lungs, and other conditions.
--- Analyze the DNA strands below to determine what amino acid is changed AND
what type of mutation occurred
Normal hemoglobin DNA
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C T C…
Normal hemoglobin mRNA
Normal hemoglobin AA sequence
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C A C…
Sickle cell hemoglobin mRNA
Sickle cell hemoglobin AA sequence
4. What type of mutation is this? Please explain why.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUCLEIC ACIDS GUIDED READING Due
________Score
Day 10
Name__________________________
Day 1, Read: 10.1, 10.2 Discovery of DNA, Structure of DNA
Directions: Choose A or B. Circle your choice.
Check Day 2
A. Make a time-line of the discovery of the structure of DNA. Write a short newspaper
article announcing the good news. Include how this news might be used in the future
of scientific investigation.
B. Choose Griffith; Avery; Hershey-Chase; Wilkins and Franklin; or Watson and
Crick’s contribution. Argue why this particular discovery was the MOST important
of the three and why. Be sure to give examples of each discovery and why each is
important in its own right.
NUCLEIC ACIDS GUIDED READING
Day 1, Read: 10.2 DNA Structure
Directions: Do one of C or D. Circle your choice.
Page 2
Check Day 2
C. Create a song or poem that incorporates the components of DNA, the conditions or
sequence, bonding pairs: Double helix, winding staircase, nucleotide, base, base
pairs, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, complementary base pairs, de
(without), oxy (oxygen), ribose (sugar) nucleic (found in the nucleus) acid (low pH),
purines, pyrimidines, hydrogen bonds.
D. Make an abbreviated model of the DNA double helix on p. 197 Fig 10.6 and p. 199
Fig 10.8. Titles, labels. Pay attention to the number of hydrogen bonds between the
base pairs. Number the parts. Use the numbers to describe each part. Ex: #1-Base
Adenine. Function: part of the 4 bases, a purine. Bonds with thymine with 2
hydrogen bonds.
NUCLEIC ACIDS GUIDED READING
Day 2, Read: 10.3 DNA Replication
Directions: Do all of E.
E. Define the following words:
DNA replication
Page 3
Check Day 3
DNA helicases
Replication forks
DNA polymerases
Now make an outline of the three steps on p 200. You don’t need sentences.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Read p. 202, DNA Errors in Replication. Summarize in 2-3 sentences how ‘checking for
errors’ occurs.
NUCLEIC ACIDS GUIDED READING
Page 4
Day 4, Read: 10.4 Proteins Synthesis-Transcription p.204-7
Check Day 5
Directions: Do one of F or G. Circle your choice.
F. Make a flow chart of transcription. Include (underlined): nucleus, DNA,
mRNA, base pairs, A-T, C-G, A-U, C-G, protein, RNA polymerase, ribose,
transcription, promoter, ‘start’, codon, double helix, double strand,
complementary, nucleotide, gene, termination signal, ‘stop’, single strand,
cytoplasm.
G. Make an outline of the reading, using the above words (underlined). You do
not need sentences.
NUCLEIC ACIDS GUIDED READING
Page 5
Day 5, Read: 10.4 Protein Synthesis-Translation p. 208-10
Check Day 6
Do one of H or I. Circle your choice.
H. Pretend you are the amino acid Leucine, from food, and are giving an ‘eye-witness
account’ of becoming part of a protein. Transcription has just taken place, and now
Translation will proceed. Tell using steps (as in the steps in the text) what is
happening to you. Be sure to cover the entire translation process! Include the
following (underlined in your account): tRNA, anticodon, rRNA, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, codon, enzymes, peptide bond, polypeptide chain, ‘stop’ codon, protein
synthesis.
I. Use colored pencils (get them from your teacher if needed), and copy the model in
Fig 10.16, p 108-9 as well as the 5-step explanation within the figure box. You
DON’T need to make the different shapes for the bases, just use similar colors as in
the figure. Don’t forget, these colors actually stand for a particular base, which
codes for a particular amino acid, so don’t assume they are just random pretty
colors. Make a ‘Key’ for your bases and color. For example, Blue-A, Yellow-U,
Purple-G.
NUCLEIC ACIDS GUIDED READING
Page 6
Day 8, Read: Mutations p 239-40
Check Day 9
Do the following:
J. In 2-3 sentences, explain what happens to the protein when a mutation
occurs.
K. Copy Fig. 12.6, p. 239, and Fig. 12.8, p. 240. Explain what happened in each
instance. You don’t need sentences.
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Do Now Answers—H
________Score
Name____________________________
Day Write sentences that rephrase the question. Use punctuation.
2
4
8
9
10