Biology EOC Review
2012
Copies available upon request. Please see Ms. H during
TUTORING only!
About the EOC
 Required for graduation
 15 percent rule is still up for debate
 You STILL have to pass, or you won’t graduate!
 Biology EOC has 54 Multiple Choice Questions
 You have 4 hours
 Don’t rush!
 Take the time to actually READ the material!
 Scores won’t come out until school is done.
Study Strategies
 Identify strengths and weaknesses
 Try to improve your weakest areas, but don’t neglect the other
areas!
 Don’t just “look at” your notes!
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


Interact with the information
Find practice problems
Rephrase notes in your own words
Explain a concept to someone else
Study Strategies
 DON’T just blindly copy someone to get the
practice problems done.
 YOU are responsible for the information. Are you
really going to let someone else think for you and
cripple you on test day because you never learned to
think?
 Come to tutoring!
 If you don’t understand something or can’t explain it
in gorey detail, GET HELP!
Study Strategies
 Form a study group- actually study!
 Keep it small, be selective of who you study with
 Divide and conquer- if pressed for time, try to have someone
in your group each tackle a particular unit or topic, have
them explain it to the group.
 Meet regularly to discuss the material, but don’t over do it
 Get a good night’s sleep and eat well (eat a real meal, not
chips, candy, and a soda)
 Make a flash card of things you know you tend to forget.
Tape it to your bathroom mirror and recite the things on
your flash card every day while you get ready for school.
Test Taking Strategies
Test taking strategies
 Process of elimination
 If you can narrow a question down to two possible choices,
you’ve increased your odds of guessing correctly by 50% !
 If you don’t know a question, SKIP IT and come back later
 Don’t leave things blank, but make sure you give yourself
enough time to answer the questions you do know where you
can earn points.
 Breathe!
 Breakdown words you don’t know. We’ve talked about
prefixes and suffixes all year long
 Physically cover distracting information with scratch paper or
your hand.
Test Taking Strategies
 If you find yourself glazing over, put your pencil down,
close your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Sit up
straight and try again.
 DON’T sleep!
 Take your time! You have four hours to answer 54
questions. That’s a little less than twice the questions we
normally give you on an exam.
 Sit up! You’ll increase the flow of oxygen to your brain
and increase your chances of understanding the stuff
you’re reading
Test Taking Strategies
 Write in your booklets!
 Don’t be afraid to take notes, hi-lite, or underline
important words
 Draw diagrams if it helps you break down a problem.
 Identify what the problem is asking for. Sometimes
you will be given a lot of information! It helps to
know what you’re looking for in a problem.
Test Taking Strategies
 You are NOT penalized for guessing (unless you guess on
the whole test…)
 Make your best guess if you do not know!
 Use information from previous problems
 Sometimes you can find answers to other problems on the test
just by answering a different question that might jog your
memory
 Plan something fun to do after the EOC- see a movie, get
some ice cream, visit a friend, etc.
 Don’t party too hard! You’ve got other exams to think about!
Unit 1: Safety and
Scientific Method
Unit 1 : Safety & Scientific
Method
 MSDS- material safety data sheet
 Dangers/ precautions to take/ action to take
 Hazard Diamond (NFPA Safety Diamond)
Flammability Hazard
Stability/Reactivity Hazard
Special or Specific Hazard
Health Hazards
Rated 0- 4, (least to most
dangerous)
Unit 1: Safety/Scientific
Method
 Scientific Method:
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

Observe
Question
Research
Hypothesis
Collect Data/ Do experiment
Draw conclusions
Unit 1: Safety/Scientific
Method
 Experimental Design




Control
Controlled experiment
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
 Draw Conclusions
 Replication
 Accuracy Vs. Precision
 Theory Vs. Hypothesis Vs. Law
Unit 2: Biochemistry
Unit 2: biochemistry
 Macromolecules – smaller
molecules form larger ones
 Carbohydrates (Short
term energy)
 Starches, sugars
 Monosaccharide
 -Ose means sugar
 Lipids (long term
energy)
 glycerol, waxes, steroids,
fats, phospholipids
 Glycerol
 Proteins (building block,
enzymes)
 (Amino Acids)
 -Ase means enzyme
 Nucleic Acids
(DNA/RNA)
 (Nucleotides)
Unit 2: biochemistry
 Enzymes are proteins
that act as catalysts
 Lock and Key
mechanism
 Enzyme fits onto
substrate at active site
 Things that affect
enzyme activity:
 Temperature (Too high-
denatures (kills), too
cold (slow))
 pH- optimal range
 Salts (can denature
protein)
 Inhibitors
 Competitive- block
active site
 allosteric- change
shape of active site to
prevent binding.
Unit 2: biochemistry
 Bonding
 Ionic: two oppositely charged ions steal/give
electrons to each other (easily broken)
 Covalent: two atoms share electrons
 Peptide Bonds: usually between amino acids to make
proteins
 Dehydration synthesis- remove a water molecule, create a
larger molecule
 Hydrogen bonds: form between base pairs in DNAgives DNA
Unit 2: biochemistry
 Lipids
 Saturated – most carbon atoms are
bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
 Unsaturated – most carbon atoms are
bonded to one hydrogen atom.
Unit 3: Cells
Unit 3: Cells
 Important scientists:
 Hooke
 First compound microscope
 Looked at cork cells
 Van Leewenhoek
 First living cells
 Schleiden
 Cells make up all parts of
plants
 Virchow
 Cells come from other cells
 Schwann
 Animals are made of cells
 They developed Cell theory:
 1. All living things are made
of one or more cells.
 2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in
organisms.
 3. All cells arise from existing
cells
 Homeostasis
Unit 3: Cells
Organelles:
 Cell membrane
 Cell wall
 Ribosomes
 Centrioles
 Chloroplasts
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough
 Smooth
 Golgi Bodies
 Lysosome
 Nucleus
 Vacuole
 Cilia/Flagellum
 Pili
Unit 3: Cells
Characteristic
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Absent
Present
Organelles
Limited
Many different organelles present
DNA structure
Single looping strand
Many chromosomes
Chlorophyll
Dissolved in cytoplasm
(when present)
Found in chloroplasts (when
present)
Ribosomes
Free floating in cytoplasm
Smaller than eukaryotes
Free or attached to membranes
Larger than prokaryotes
Cell Walls
Present and chemically
complex
May or may not be present and
chemically simple
Reproduction
Binary fission
Mitosis
Plant & Animal
Cells
Unit 4: Transport
Unit 4: osmosis/Diffusion
 Diffusion: Particles move from high concentration to low
 Passive Transport (no energy required to move particles)
 Osmosis: Same thing, but with water
 Facilitated Diffusion: Some particles are too big to fit through
a membrane
 Use a special hole in membrane to pass down concentration
gradient.
 Active Transport (need energy- ATP)
 Use proteins to transport things AGAINST concentration
gradient.
 Example: Sodium/Potassium Pump
 Endo/Exocytosis
Unit 4: Transport
Unit 4:
Photosynthesis/Respiration
Unit 4:
Photosynthesis/Respiration
Unit 4:
Photosynthesis/Respiration
 Stage 1: Pigments in chloroplasts capture energy
(light) from the sun
 Water molecules split, O2 is released
 Stage 2: Convert light energy in electron
transport chain (makes ATP/NADPH)
 Stage 4: Reduction
 Stage 5: Regeneration of Co2 Acceptor
Dark Reactions
(Calvin Cycle)
 Stage 3: Carbon fixation
Light Reactions
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Unit 4:
Photosynthesis/Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
 Cellular Respiration: Makes ATP from sugar
 Opposite reaction of photosynthesis
 Occurs in Mitochondria
 Aerobic Respiration
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


In Oxygen
Krebs Cycle
ETC
Makes 32 ATP
 Anaerobic Respiration- Makes 2 ATP
 Fermentation (Lactic Acid or Alcoholic)
Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis
Unit 4: Cell Cycle
(Mitosis/Meiosis)
Unit 4: Cell Cycle
 Mitosis- asexual
reproduction
 Somatic Cells
 2 Identical cells
 IPMAT (Interphase,
Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase,
and Cytokinesis)
 Diploid Cells
 Spindle fibers
 Centrioles
 Cancer- uncontrolled
Cell growth
Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis
 Meiosis:




Sexual reproduction
Make genetically distinct four haploid cells
2 rounds of division
Makes Gametes
 Egg
 Sperm
 Recombination
Unit 4:
Mitosis/
Meiosis
During Meiosis,
Chromsomes undergo
“Crossing Over”
It allows for genetic
variation
Unit 5: Genetics
Unit 5: Genetics
 DNA Replication (in nucleus)
 DNA copies itself during S Phase
 Semiconservative
 Helicase, polymerase, ligase,
topoisomerase
 New strand assembled 5’ 3 ‘
 Lagging strand 3’  5’
 Creates okazaki fragments
 Synthesis pairs complementary base
pairs, bind with hydrogen bonds.
 A-T
 C-G
Unit 5: Genetics
 DNA is a double helix
 Smallest unit is a nucleotide.
 Mutations happen when a mistake is made during
replication, transcription, or translation
 Mutation- change in nucleotide base sequence of a
gene.
 Point mutation- change 1 base
 Frame shift- add or delete base, changes reading
frame
 Germ line mutation occurs in gamete cells
Unit 5: Genetics
 Protein synthesis- 2 steps:
 Transcription
 Translation
 Transcription: convert DNA
 RNA in nucleus
 RNA Primase finds TATA
box to begin transcription
 New transcript is mRNA
(messenger RNA)
 mRNA leaves nucleus to
find a ribosome
 Translation: convert mRNA
 Protein
 mRNA associates with
large and small ribosomal
subunits
 tRNA brings amino acid
that corresponds to codon
 Chain of AA held together
by polypeptide bonds
continues until a stop codon
is reached
 Ribosome falls off, protein
synthesized.
Unit 5: Genetics
Nuclear
membrane
DNA
Transcription
Pre-mRNA
RNA Processing
mRNA
Ribosome
Translation
Protein
Unit 5: Genetics
RNA
DNA
Has Ribose sugar
Has Deoxyribose sugar
Contains the base
Has Thymine (T)
Uracil(U)
RNA is Single stranded DNA is Double
stranded
Unit 5: Genetics
 Gregor Mendel- Pea Plant study for patterns of
inheritance (color, height, seed shape, etc.)




Genotype- alleles of an individual
Phenotype- physical appearance of an individual
Capital Letter means dominant
Lower case letter means recessive.
 Use punnett squares to figure out inheritance
patterns
B
 Dominant BB (homozygous dominant) or Bb
b Bb
(heterozygous)
 Recessive bb (homozygous recessive)
b Bb
b
Bb
bb
Unit 5: Genetics
 Can use punnett square to study two traits- dihybrid
cross: TtPp X TtPp
TP
Tp
tP
tp
TP
TTPP
TTPp
TtPP
TtPp
Tp
TTPp
TTpp
TtPp
Ttpp
tP
TtPP
TtPp
ttPP
ttPp
tp
TtPp
Ttpp
ttPp
ttpp
Unit 5: Genetics
 Non-Mendellian
Genetics
 Polygenetic inheritance
 Eye color
 Co-Dominance
 Roan Cows
 Sex Linked Trait
 Color blindness
 Hemophilia
 Incomplete dominance
 Pink snapdragons
 Environmental factors
can affect phenotype!
 Acidity of soil and
hydrangeas
 Arctic Fox
Unit 5: Genetics
 Pedigree- diagram that shows a
family’s pattern of inheritance
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Circles- girls
Squares- boys
Shaded means have trait
Half shaded means carrier
Unit 5: Genetics
 Gene technology
 Karyotype
 Helps to determine trisomy
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
Recombinant DNA
Stem Cells
DNA Fingerprint
Electrophoresis
Cloning
 Human Genome Project
 Mapped DNA sequence of
humans
Unit 6 Evolution
Unit 6: Evolution
 How Earth formed
 Earth released gas bubble
 Primordial soup
 Miller-Urey Experiment
 Small molecules eventually formed together to make first cells
 Cyanobacteria photosynthesize to add O2 to atmosphere
 Prokaryotes form partnerships with other prokaryotes to make
first Eukaryotes.
 To move to land, bacteria and fungi formed partnerships
 No soil, just large rocks, no organic nutrients on land. Fungi
added nutrients.
 Multicellular eukaryotes evolve
 Evolution occurs gradually
Unit 6: Evolution
 Natural Selection
 Organisms that are better
adapted to environment
survive better
 Lamarck’s theory- physical
features of an organism
increase or decrease depending
on use, traits are then passed on
to offspring
 WRONG!
 Darwin’s theory- survival of the
fittest, organisms that are better
suited to their environment
survive and pass those traits on
to offspring
 Finches
 Requirements
 Specific geographical area
(geographic isolation)
 can not interbreed
(reproductive isolation)
 All populations have genetic
variation
 Individuals tend to have
more babies than an
environment can support.
 Adaptations become
common in a population
because it gives selective
advantage.
Unit 6: Evolution
 Types of Adaptations:
 Migration

 Hibernation
 Camouflage
 Mimicry
 Metamorphosis

 Homologous
structures – different
appearance, same
ancestor
 Divergent evolution
Analogous Structuressame appearance,
different ancestor
 Convergent
Evolution
Vestigial Structuresnot used by the
organism anymore
Unit 6: Evolution
Unit 7: Classification
Unit 7: Classification
 Taxonomy- science of studying and classifying organisms
 Binomial Nomenclature (Genus species)
 8 levels of classification (Dear King Phillip Came Over For
Great Spaghetti)
• Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order 
Family  Genus  Species
• Classify based on Morphology (looks), DNA Evidence,
Fossil Evidence
• Ancestral Characteristics- from a common ancestor
• Derived Characteristics- only in one group
Unit 7: Classification
 Organize using:
 Cladogram
 Phylogentic Tree
 Dichotomous Key- uses
differences between two
very similar species to
classify
Mos
ses
Fe
rn
s
Pine
trees
Flowe
ring
plants
Unit 7: Classification
 6 Kingdoms:
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Unit 8: Microbiology
Unit 8: Microbiology
 Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
 Reproduce asexually by fission or sexually
with Pili
Capsule
Cell Wall
Chromosom
e
 Conjugation allows for passing of antibiotic
resistance
 Archaebacteria -Extremophiles
 Eubacteria- Photosynthetic
 Identify with Gram stain, shape, arrangement
 Gram positive (purple), Gram negative
(pink)
 Shapes: Rod, Coccus, Spirilum
 Arrangement: Diplo, Staphylo (grapes),
Strepto
 Jobs: Nitrogen fixation, make food, cause
illness
 Kill with antibiotics
Plasma
membrane
Pilus
Flagellu
m
Plasmid
Examples: TB, Strep
Unit 8: Microbiology
 Viruses
 Microscopic disease causing
agents
 Need a Host to reproduce
 Not alive (no cell type)
 Very small – can only see with
electron microscope
 Structure- capsid (proteins),
envelope (glycoprotein),
RNA/DNA, Attachment
Spikes
 Bacteriophage, spherical,
tubular, polyhedral
 Infection:
 Lytic: Invade host cell,
make new viral parts, burst
out of cell
 Lysogenic: invade host cell,
integrate to host genome,
wait for ideal conditions to
reproduce.
 No cure- but can prevent with
Vaccines
 Examples: Hepatitis, AIDS,
Epstein-Barr, Chicken Pox,
small pox, flu, herpes, rhino
virus
Unit 8: Microbiology
 Protista




Very diverse- animal like, plant like
Multicellular or single celled
Sexual or asexual production
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Eukaryotic
 Examples: Euglena, Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms,
Dinoflagellates (red tide), Malaria (plasmodium
Vivax)
Unit 8: Microbiology
 Fungi (eukaryotic)
 Heterotrophic
 Most are multicellular
(except yeasts)
 Sexual Reproduction
 Hyphae
 Cell wall made of chitin
 Extracellular digestion
 Can be saprophytes (dead
tissue), mutualists
(mycorrhizae), parasites
(athlete’s foot)
 Decomposers
 Types:
 Zygomycotes (mold)
 Ascomycotes (sac fungi
like morels)
 Basidiomycotes
(mushrooms)
 Deuteromycotes (Bleu
cheese, penicillin)
 Lichens- fungus + algae
Unit 9: Plants
Unit 9: Plants
Plant classifications:
 Non-Vascular
 Mosses, Liverworts
 Pollinate by water only
(need water for sperm
to swim)
 Seedless vascular
 Ferns
 Pollinate by
wind/water (water not
required)
 Vascular
 Angiosperms
(flowering plants)
 Monocots
 Dicots
 Wind, Animal
pollination
 Gymnosperms (Naked
seeds- cones)
 Animal pollination
Unit 9: Plants
•Growth of plants occur at
roots and shoots (meristem)
•Flowers are reproductive
structures
•Fruits are ripened plant
ovaries with seeds
•Guard cells open stoma in
leaves for gas exchange
during
respiration/photosyntehsis.
Unit 9: Plants
 Annuals- plants that complete life cycle in one year
 Perenials- complete life cycle over many growing seasons.
 Growth- plants germinate if given right soil/water/temp
conditions
 Tropisms are factors affecting growth




Thigmotropism- touch response when growing (vines)
Phototropism- bend toward light
Geotropism- bend according to gravitational pull of earth
Photoperiodism- growth occurs according to how long plant has
been exposed to light.
Unit 9: Plants
 Important hormones:
 Auxin – control phototropism
 Giberellin – plant growth, germination
 Abscisic Acid – slows/stops growth in times of
environmental stress
 Defense
 1st- secrete chemical that destroys bacterial cell wall
 2nd- Lignin- forms a “jail cell” around infected plant cell
 3rd- kill neighboring cells to prevent further spread of
infection.
Unit 10: Animals
Unit 10: Animals
 Characteristics of
Animals:







 Made of tissues
 Coelom- internal body
cavity
Heterotrophy
Mobility

Multicellularity
Diploidy

Sexual reproduction
Blastula formation
No cell wall
Parthenogenesis
Notochord- internal rod
in spinal column,
precursor to spinal cord.
Unit 10: Animals
 Invertebrates
 Sponges (porifera)
 Cnidarians (coral, jellyfish)
 Annelid (earthworm –
segmented body)
 Echinoderm (starfish)
 Mollusks
 Gastropod
 Cephalopod
 Bivalve
 Chordates
 Arthropods
 Insects
 Crustaceans
Unit 10: Animals
 Vertebrates
 Fish
 Ectothermic
 2 chambered heart
 Amphibians
 Ectothermic
 3 chambered heart
 Need water to hatch
babies
 Reptiles
 Ectothermic
 3 or 4 chambered heart
 Do not need water for
eggs
 Birds
 Endothermic
 4 chambered heart
 Eggs
 Feathers
 Keeled sternum
 Mammals
 Monotremes
 Marsupials
 Endothermic
 4 chambered heart
 Fur
 Live young
 Nurse young
Unit 11: Body Systems
Unit 11: Body Systems
 Skeletal- provides support to
body, made of bones
and tells body how to
respond. (brain, nerves)
 Muscular system Digestive systemmovement, made of muscles
digests/absorbs nutrients
(stomach, pancreas, liver,
 Endocrine system- secretes
intestines)
hormones to tell body
what/when to do something,
made of endocrine glands
and hormones
 Nervous system- takes
sensory input, processes it,
 Circulatory system- transports O2/CO2 in body, delivers
nutrients from digestive system, immune response
 Immune system- body’s defense against pathogens
 Reproductive system- allows human body to reproduce
 Integumentary system- skin, part of immune systems.
 Excretory System- rids body of wastes
 Respiratory System- gas exchange of O2/CO2
Unit 11: Body Systems
 4 Tissue Types




Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Unit 12: Ecology
Unit 12: Ecology
 Ecosystem Vs.
Population Vs.
Community
 Biotic factors
 Abiotic factors
 Sucession
 Primary
 Secondary
 Relationships
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Commensalism
 Producers can
photosynthesize (plants,
algae, SOME protists,
SOME bacteria)
 Consumers eat
(everything else)
Unit 12 Ecology
 Energy- only 10% gets passed on to next trophic level
 Producers
 Primary Consumers
 Secondary Consumers
 Biogeochemical Cycles




Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
 Eutrophication
 Biomagniciation
Unit 12 Ecology
 Human Environmental  Various Biomes (large
Impact
ecosytems)
 Global warming
 Air pollution/CO2
Emissions
 Pollution of water
 Loss of natural
resources and wildlife
 Increased cancer risk
due to hole in ozone
layer
Tundra
Taiga
Desert
Temperate Deciduous
Forest
 Savana (grass land)
 Chaparal
 Aquatic Biomes




Unit 12: Ecology
 Population changes as
available resources
change/are limited
 Carrying Capacity
 Exponential growth
 Punctuated
equilibrium
 R strategists
 K Strategists
 Biodiversity