• This landmark legislation reorganized & modernized the …

US armed forces
 Foreign Policy
 Intelligence Community
… apparatus.

• Signed by President Truman on July 26, 1947, and realigned and reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of WWII
• The act established:
1. The National Security Council , a central place of coordination for national security policy in the executive branch, and
2. The Central Intelligence Agency , the States' first peacetime intelligence agency.
3. The Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established

• authorize a Central Intelligence Agency (but leave the powers and duties of the Agency's head for a separate bill to enumerate) ;
• that CIA would be an independent agency under the supervision of the National Security Council (NSC);
• that CIA would conduct both analysis and clandestine activities, but would have no policymaking role and no
law enforcement powers;
• and, finally, that the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI)
– would be confirmed by the Senate and
– could be either a civilian or an officer on detail from his home service.

Separation Between Foreign & Domestic Intelligence
• a crucial concession to those concerned of threats to civil liberties:
 It drew a bright line between foreign and domestic intelligence and assigning these realms, in effect, to the CIA and the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, respectively.

The CIA, furthermore, would have no "police, subpoena, or law enforcement powers," according to the act.
• Importance of the National Security Act cannot be overstated !
 It was a central document in U.S. Cold War policy & reflected
the nation’s acceptance of its position as a world leader.
• It remained the charter of the U.S. national security establishment until significantly altered with the passage of the National Security
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of December
2004, which created the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence … 

2004-present
PFIAB - President's Foreign Intelligence
Advisory Board
IOB - Intelligence Oversight Board
SSCI - Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
HPSCI - House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
TFI - U.S. Treasury - Office of Terrorism and
Financial Intelligence

1. National Security Council (NSC)
2. Office of the Director National Intelligence (ODNI)
3. The CIA
4. The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JSC)

1.
• The White House National Security Council (NSC) in the
United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and
Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the
President of the United States.
• Since its inception under President Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the
President on national security and foreign policies.
• The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various
government agencies.
• The U.S. Council has counterparts in the national security councils of many other nations .

NSCs by country
China: People's Republic: Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)
Georgia: National Security Council of Georgia
India: National Security Council (India)
Iran, Islamic Republic of: Supreme National Security Council
Israel: Security Cabinet of Israel
Japan: Security Council
Malaysia: National Security Council (Malaysia)
Korea, North: National Defense Commission (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
Pakistan: National Security Council of Pakistan
Romania: Supreme Council of National Defense (Romania)
Russian Federation: Security Council of the Russian Federation
Sri Lanka: National Security Council of Sri Lanka
Turkey: National Security Council (Turkey)

1.
• Its regular attendees are the:
1. President & Vice President,
2. Secretary of State
3. Secretary of the Treasury
4. Secretary of Defense,
5. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (or
National Security Advisor).
6. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military advisor to the Council, and
7. The Director of National Intelligence is the intelligence advisor

1.
• Those invited to attend any NSC meeting:
8. Chief of Staff to the President,
9. Counsel to the President, and the
10. Assistant to the President for Economic Policy
• Those invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities:
11. The Attorney General, and the
12. Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

1.
• The heads of other departments and agencies are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate.
• The day-to-day affairs of the NSC are overseen by the
National Security Advisor , currently Susan Rice
• The NSC's somewhat ambiguous legal/administrative status was exposed by the Iran-Contra Affair;
– Marine Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North was a member of the NSC staff.
– The NSC staff runs the White House's Situation Room

National Security Council post-9/11 activities
High Value Detainee Interrogation Group ( April 2010 )
• The High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) is a U.S. intelligencegathering group created by President Barack Obama in August 2009.
• It was established to question terrorism suspects soon after their arrests to extract information to head off unfolding plots and track down accomplices
 The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group reports to the NSC.

National Security Council post-9/11 activities
Kill authorizations
 A secret NSC panel may pursue the killing of an individual who has been called a suspected terrorist.
• In this case, no public record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available.
• No laws govern criteria for killing such suspects.
 Disposition Matrix database,
• a "next-generation capture/kill list".
• Developed by the Obama Administration beginning in 2010, creates a blueprint for tracking, capturing, rendering, or killing suspected enemies of the US government.

2004-present
PFIAB - President's Foreign Intelligence
Advisory Board
IOB - Intelligence Oversight Board
SSCI - Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
HPSCI - House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
TFI - U.S. Treasury - Office of Terrorism and
Financial Intelligence

2.
Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President – required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to: a.
c.
Serve as principal advisor to the President, the National
Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council about intelligence matters related to national security; b.
•
Serve as head of the sixteen-member Intelligence Community ;
Direct and oversee the National Intelligence Program.
Further, by Presidential policy directive signed in October 2012, the DNI was given overall responsibility for Intelligence
Community whistleblowing and source protection through
Presidential Policy Directive 19.

D
N
I
1. controls the "National Intelligence Program" budget;
2. establishes “objectives, priorities, and guidance” for the IC; and
3. manages and directs the tasking of, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence by elements of the IC…
However !
 the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of the
IC except his own staff — the Office of the DNI —
 the DNI has no authority to hire or fire personnel in the IC except those on his own staff.
 The member elements in the executive branch are directed and controlled by their respective department heads

1. Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA)
• to fund high-risk, high-payoff research that could potentially provide the United States with an overwhelming intelligence advantage over future adversaries
2. Information Sharing Environment (ISE)
3. National Counterproliferation Center (NCPC)
• is the primary organization within the United States Intelligence Community for combating the spread of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.
4. National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)
• analyzes terrorism intelligence (except purely domestic terrorism); stores terrorism information; supports U.S. counterterrorism activities using information technology (IT); and plans counter-terrorism activities
5. National Intelligence Council (NIC)
• goal is to provide policymakers with the best information: unvarnished, unbiased and without regard to whether the analytic judgments conform to current U.S. policy
• Produces NIE
6. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive (ONCIX)
• "Exploit and defeat adversarial intelligence activities directed against American interests;
Protect the integrity of the US intelligence system; Provide incisive, actionable intelligence to decisionmakers at all levels; Protect vital national assets from adversarial intelligence activities;

3.
• Is a civilian intelligence agency
• It is an independent agency responsible for providing national security intelligence to senior United States policymakers.
• It also engages in covert activities at the request of the
President of the United States
• It is the successor of the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) formed during World War II to coordinate espionage activities between the branches of the
United States military.
• The 1947 National Security Act established the CIA, affording it "no police or law enforcement functions,
either at home or abroad".

3.
Its mandate was expanded to include:
1. "sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures...subversion [&]
2. assistance to underground resistance movements,
guerrillas & refugee liberation movements, &
3. support of indigenous anti-communist elements
 in threatened countries of the free world"
The CIA's primary function is:
1.
to collect information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and
2.
to advise public policymakers .
• The agency conducts covert operations and paramilitary actions, and exerts foreign political influence through its Special Activities Division

3.
 1947-2004: it coordinated and oversaw not only its own activities but also the activities of the US
Intelligence Community (IC) as a whole.
• The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention
Act of 2004 created the office of the Director of
National Intelligence (DNI), which took over some of the government and IC-wide functions.
• The functions that moved to the DNI included:
– the preparation of estimates of the consolidated opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and
– the preparation of briefings for the President of the
United States

3.
• In its present form, the CIA has an executive office and several agency-wide functions, and four major directorates: a.
The Directorate of Intelligence, responsible for allsource intelligence research and analysis b.
The National Clandestine Service, formerly the
Directorate of Operations , which does clandestine intelligence collection and covert action c.
The Directorate of Science and Technology d.
The Directorate of Support

a.
• produces all-source intelligence analysis on key foreign issues. It has 4 regional analytic groups , 6 groups for transnational issues , and 2 support units
Regional groups
• There is an Office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical offices covering:
1. The Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis (MENA)
2. The Office of South Asia Analysis (OSA)
3. The Office of Russian and European Observation (OREO)
4. The Office of East Asian, Pacific, Latin American and African
Analysis (APLAA)

a.
Transnational groups
• The Office of Terrorism Analysis
Center supports the National Counterterrorism
• The Office of Transnational Issues assesses perceived existing and emerging threats to US national security and provides the most senior policymakers, military planners, and law enforcement with analysis, warning, and crisis support.
• The CIA Crime and Narcotics Center researches information on international crime for policymakers and the law enforcement community. As the
CIA has no legal domestic police authority, it usually sends its analyses to the FBI and other law enforcement organizations, such as the Drug Enforcement
Administration of the United States Department of Justice
• The Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation
&
Arms Control Center provides intelligence support related to national and non-national threats, as well as supporting threat reduction and arms control. It receives the output of national technical means of verification
• The Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group identifies, monitors, and analyzes the efforts of foreign intelligence entities, both national and nonnational, against US government interests. It works with FBI personnel in the
National Counterintelligence Executive of the Director of National Intelligence.
• The Information Operations Center Analysis Group to US computer systems. This unit supports DNI activities.
deals with threats

a.
1. The Office of Collection Strategies and Analysis provides comprehensive intelligence collection
expertise to the Directorate of Intelligence, to senior Agency and Intelligence Community officials, and to key national policymakers.
2. The Office of Policy Support customizes
Directorate of Intelligence analysis and presents it to a wide variety of policy, law enforcement, military, and foreign liaison recipients.

b.
 In 2004, the CIA was given charge of all US human intelligence, which many consider the core of the agency
• formerly the Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action.
• The new name reflects its having absorbed some
Department of Defense HUMINT assets.
• created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the U S
Department of Defense and the CIA.
 The precise present organization of the NCS is classified

c.
• established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment
– For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the
United States Air Force
• The CIA has always shown a strong interest in how to use advances in technology to enhance its effectiveness. This interest has historically had two primary goals:
1. harnessing techniques for its own use
2. countering any new intelligence technologies the Soviets might develop
• In 1999, the CIA created the venture capital firm In-Q-
Tel to help fund and develop technologies of interest to the agency.

1. The U-2 came to public attention when CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet territory on 1 May 1960.
2. On 14 October 1962, a U-2 from the 4080th Strategic
Reconnaissance Wing, based at Laughlin Air Force Base near Del Rio,
Texas and piloted by Major Richard S. Heyser, photographed the
Soviet military installing nuclear warhead missiles in Cuba, precipitating the Cuban Missile Crisis

d.
includes
• The Office of Security
• The Office of Communications
• The Office of Information Technology

3.

• The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions are translated into action:
J1 – Personnel and Manpower
J2 – Intelligence –– jointly with Defense Intelligence Agency
J3 – Operations
J4 – Logistics – Lieutenant General Brooks L. Bash
J5 – Strategic Plans and Policy
J6 – Command, Control, Communications and Computers/Cyber
J7 – Operational Plans and Joint Force Development
J8 – Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment