Lecture 4 Cells 1 Yesterday’s Exit Ticket Describe the key differences between: Saturated fats ● All C’s are bonded to the max # of H’s possible ● Straight tails ● Solid ● e.g. butter, eggs, steak (any animal-based fat) ●Monounsaturated fats ● TWO Hs missing, and there is one C-C double bond ● One bend in tail ● In avocados, nuts, most oils, and many more! ●Polyunsaturated fats (Omega-3 and -6) ● More than 2 Hs missing, multiple C-C double bonds ● Very bendy tails ● In fish, walnuts, sunflower, soybean, and safflower oil ● Key Themes (2) “Think Like a Biologist”: Understand What Life Is. “Unity” of life: What are the common features of all life? • Structure and function of cells (and molecules) Maintenance of a suitable cell environment • Role of cell structures in life’s energy conversion 3 DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus Let’s take a closer look at Fig. 5.26 the mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome 3 Synthesis of protein Polypeptide Amino acids information flow from the nucleus (gene) to protein synthesis and beyond 4 The Nucleus Pores allow information transfer into and out of nucleus: nuclear pores Fig. 6.10 5 The Nucleus Pores allow information transfer into and out of nucleus: • RNA moves out (for protein synthesis) • Some (gene) regulatory factors move in nuclear pores Fig. 6.10 • Unfortunately, some viruses can get in too 6 Side Note: Web Resources • Some Cell Parts: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/ • Crash Courses: – Macromolecules: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0&list=PL3EED 4C1D684D3ADF – Animal Cells: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY&list=EC3EED 4C1D684D3ADF – Plant Cells: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UvlqAVCoqY&list=EC3EED 4C1D684D3ADF 7 Ribosome Fig. 5.26 Polypeptide Amino acids Ribosome: site of protein synthesis in cell Free ribosomes, floating in cytoplasm, make proteins for use in same cell. 8 Some ribosomes are bound to a membrane system (Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER) Bound ribosomes make proteins like insulin for export from the cell Rough ER with ribosomes Fig. 6.12 Proteins for secretion need to be wrapped in membrane vesicles. 9 Let’s follow path of a protein hormone from synthesis (in pancreas cells) to export: The endomembrane system for synthesis & export of proteins Example: Tracking an insulin molecule Fig. 6.16 10 1. DNA for insulin copied into mRNA and exported from nucleus 2. Insulin is synthesized by ribosomes on rough ER 3. Insulin protein enters inside of ER and moves to outermost membrane Fig. 6.16 11 4. Insulin protein packaged into transport vesicles and transferred to near side of Golgi apparatus 5. Transport vesicles fuse to form first flat sacks of Golgi apparatus Fig. 6.16 12 6. Processed in Golgi apparatus into mature protein 7. Packaged into transport vesicles at opposite side of Golgi apparatus and transported to plasma membrane Fig. 6.16 13 What happens in the Golgi apparatus? Protein Processing in the Golgi Apparatus For insulin: The initially synthesized, larger “pro-insulin” is cut to the size of the final protein. Some proteins undergo other modifications (for example, “mailing labels” are attached). 14 The entire process from nucleus to plasma membrane! Fig. 6.16 15 How to make sure that vesicles don’t go astray? Cells Fig. 6.3 16 A cell with part of its cytoskeleton illuminated by fluorescence microscopy ATP (a) Vesicle Receptor for motor protein Motor protein Microtubule (ATP powered) track of cytoskeleton Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm Fig. 6.21 (b) 17 ATP Movement of vesicles along “tracks” formed by cytoskeleton (a) Vesicle Receptor for motor protein Motor protein Microtubule (ATP powered) track of cytoskeleton Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm Fig. 6.21 (b) 18 http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tproj ects/6850.html 1:10-1:30 19 Additional organelle produced by Golgi apparatus Lysosome: filled with digestive enzymes made on rough ER ribosomes & modified in Golgi Fig. 6.16 20 Lysosomes – organelles for intracellular digestion Digest food particles brought into cells Fig. 6.14 Digest old mitochondria and other organelles 21 Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments • Lysosome is membranous sac with digestive enzymes • Lysosomal enzymes break down proteins, lipids, polysaccharides & nucleic acids • Lysosomes also recycle organelles http://www.colorado.edu/ebio/genbio/06_14LysosomeFormation_A.html 22 There are TWO TYPES of ER: Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER without ribosomes Rough ER with ribosomes Fig. 6.12 23 We already discussed rough ER (with ribosomes) • Synthesizes proteins for secretion from cell In what type of cells do you expect to find a particularly high level of rough ER? A) pancreas cells (make insulin) B) skin cells (make Vitamin D) C) testes (make testosterone) D) fat cells (make protein hormone leptin) E) A and D Think-Pair-Share 24 Functions of rough ER Rough ER (with ribosomes) • Synthesizes proteins for secretion from cell (cells that produce protein hormones have a lot of rough ER) • Synthesizes proteins needed for digestion within lysosomes Smooth ER (without ribosomes) • Produces lipids for secretion (e.g. steroid hormones) 25 In what type of cells do you expect to find a particularly high level of smooth ER? A) cells of the ovaries (make estrogen) B) cells of the testes C) cells of the pancreas D) A and B E) A, B and C Think-Pair-Share 26 Functions of rough ER and smooth ER Rough ER (with ribosomes) • Synthesizes proteins for secretion from cell (cells that produce protein hormones have a lot of rough ER) • Synthesizes proteins needed for digestion in lysosomes Smooth ER (without ribosomes) • Produces lipids for secretion (e.g. steroid hormones; testes and ovaries have a lot of smooth ER) • Detoxifies (has enzymes in its membranes that do this) 27 What organ, serving in detoxification, would be expected to have cells with a high level of smooth ER? 28 Functions of rough ER and smooth ER Rough ER (with ribosomes) • Synthesizes proteins for secretion from cell (cells that produce protein hormones have a lot of rough ER) • Synthesizes proteins needed for digestion in lysosomes Smooth ER (without ribosomes) • Produces lipids for secretion (e.g. steroid hormones; testes and ovaries have a lot of smooth ER) • Detoxifies (enzymes in smooth ER membranes do this; liver cells have a lot of smooth ER) 29 5 minute break… 30 Cepolina.com Key Themes “Think Like a Biologist”: Understand What Life Is. - “Unity” of life - “Diversity” of Life 31 Fig. 26-21 EUKARYA Dinoflagellates Forams Ciliates Diatoms Red algae Land plants Green algae Cellular slime molds Amoebas Euglena Trypanosomes Leishmania Animals Fungi Sulfolobus Green nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles Halophiles (Mitochondrion) COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Methanobacterium ARCHAEA Spirochetes Chlamydia Green sulfur bacteria BACTERIA Cyanobacteria (Plastids, including chloroplasts) 32 (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA Prokaryotes Fig. 1-15 (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Plantae Protists (single-celled eukaryotes and some closely related multi-cellular organisms) Kingdom Fungi 33 Kingdom Animalia Size difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Bacteria on cell from mouth of a human 34 Photo by Dr. Gary Kaiser Review of Eukaryotic Cell Fig. 5.26 nucleus endomembrane system plasma membrane mitochondrion Animal cell Fig. 6.9 •Nucleus: Stores genetic information (as DNA) •Endomembrane system: Utilizes information to make proteins (DNA to RNA to protein) and exports some of these from cell •Membrane-bounded organelles (example here: Mitochondrion) 35 Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria & Archaea) All have cytoplasm or cytosol All have plasma membrane surrounding the cell Eukaryotic cells: Prokaryotic cells: Have membrane-bounded nucleus (with DNA) and membrane-bounded organelles No membrane-bounded nucleus (DNA is concentrated in “nucleoid”) No membrane-bounded organelles Fig. 6.6 Fig. 6.9 Rod-shaped bacterium Animal cell TEM picture 36 of thin section Two types of bacteria: Gram positive: -Lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall Gram negative: - Little to no peptidoglycan in cell wall and PATHOGENIC 37 micro.digitalproteus.com Key Themes (2) “Think Like a Biologist”: Understand What Life Is. “Unity” of life: What are the common features of all life? • Structure and function of cells • Energy acquisition & conversions in metabolism 38 Major organelles involved in energy metabolism 1) Mitochondria - the cell’s powerhouses Fig. 1.6(d) Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion 0.5 µm Occur in all eukaryotes – plants, animals, fungi, protists Role: “Burn” energy-rich molecules to gain ATP energy for cellular work 39 Major organelles involved in energy metabolism 2) Chloroplasts - solar energy collectors/converters 10 µm Fig. 1-4(j) Only in plants & algae (= photosynthetic eukaryotes) Role: Photosynthesis – conversion of solar energy into energy-rich sugars 40 Animal cell Plant cell Most basic components & functions are the same Animal cell Fig. 6.9 Plant cell Unique plant cell features: Chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) Cell wall and central vacuole 41 (for structural support) Two types of bacteria: Gram positive: -Lots of peptidoglycan cell wall Gram negative: - Little to no peptidoglycan in in cell wall 42 micro.digitalproteus.com Today’s Exit Ticket • Describe prokaryotic, animal, and plant cells. • List the key differences between the 3 types. • What features are common to all 3 cell types? 43