Brief Response
• How will the US economic failure in 1929
affect the global economy?
• the developing world (Latin America, Asia) will
not be able to sell their exports
• Germany and Japan saw trade fall and would
blame US, Britain, and France.
• France and Britain could not pay their debts to
US banks.
• US banks failed and many Americans lost work
and wealth.
10.7
Students analyze the rise of totalitarian
governments after World War I.
10.7.1
Understand the causes and consequences of the Russian
Revolution, including Lenin's use of totalitarian
means to seize and maintain control (e.g., the Gulag).
10.7.2
Trace Stalin's rise to power in the Soviet Union and the
connection between economic policies, political
policies, the absence of a free press, and systematic
violations of human rights (e.g., the Terror Famine
in Ukraine).
10.7.3
Analyze the rise, aggression, and human costs of
totalitarian regimes (Fascist and Communist) in
Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union, noting
especially their common and dissimilar traits.
10.7 The Rise of
Totalitarianism:
Mussolini, Stalin, Hitler
p. 434
Fascism Begins in Italy
A Winner is a Loser?
• During World War I, Italy made a dishonorable
choice…… (2)
– It changed sides, becoming a traitor to its old allies, Germany
and Austria-Hungary
– It accepted a bribe of lands made by its new allies, France and
Britain
• When the War ended, Italy was mistreated by its new
allies, not respected…..
– Britain and France did not give Italy ALL the land it had been
promised.
• Some lands went to the new Serbian-led nation of Yugoslavia.
• Italians were outraged and spiteful toward France and
Britain.
Other Italian problems in the early
1920s included: (6)
• Soviet Union sent Comintern agents to help Italian
Communists
– Led strikes and street demonstrations
– Peasants seized lands
– Workers seized factories
•
•
•
•
•
Labor unions demanded better conditions
Trade declined
Returning veterans came home to unemployment
Taxes rose
The coalition government was full of arguing factions and
parties.
Benito Mussolini:
• A lower class man.
– Veteran.
• He formed a new political party,
combining…..
– Socialism:
• using the government to make life better for the
people. Still allowing capitalism.
– Nationalism:
• using the government to protect the people from
internal and external dangers.
Fascism:
• a centralized, authoritarian government that is
nationalistic, anti-democratic, and socialist.
• Italy—Fascists
• Germany—Nazis
• Japan—Ultranationalists
1919
• Mussolini began the ______movement,
• Fascist
– Supported by (2)
• fellow unhappy veterans
• other discontented Italians.
• They began the National Fascist Party. (Partito
Nazionale Fascista; PNF)
• They promoted: (2)
– An end to government corruption
– Social law and order
Fascism as a practice: (10)
• Extreme nationalism
• Action not talk
– Violence
– Discipline
– War
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Emotional not reasonable
National expansion
Struggle for survival, “survival of the fittest”
Anti-democracy
Anti-communist
Anti-equality
Anti-freedom
Unthinking obedience to the state
Supremacy of the state
Black Shirts:
• Fascists had teams of “combat squads”, wearing
black.
• They were copying earlier Italian nationalists.
• They:
– Were against democracy
– Favored violent action against people they believed
dangerous to Italy
• Socialists
• Leftist press
• Farmer cooperatives
– Intimidated and terrorized elected officials until they
quit the government
– Were supported by most Italians who no longer
trusted the old society.
March on Rome:
• In 1922, Mussolini and Black Shirts demanded
control of the national government.
• King Vittorio Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to be
prime minister and form a new government.
• He became the legal leader of Italy.
Totalitarian State:
• One party rules the entire government
• controls much or most of every citizen’s
life.
Mussolini’s government: (5)
• Suppressed rival parties
• Controlled the press
• Rigged elections
– Put Fascist supporters into the legislature
• Won support from Pope Pius XI
– (Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent
nation state)
• Used a secret police to control opposition
– Critics imprisoned, exiled, or murdered
“Cult of Personality”:
• Use of various multimedia propaganda
techniques to make the leader or ruling
party
• “larger than life”
• Win popular support
• Look like are just people, “political theater”
Connection with Past Glory
• Italian Fascists used it to connect their
20th century nation with the greatness of
the ____ Empire.
• Roman
What made Fascism appealing to
Italians? (6)
• Strong, stable government
• No political parties arguing as in a
democracy
• Quick decisions
• Feeling of power and confidence from the
leader
• Promise to end dangers inside and outside
of Italy
• National pride.
On a separate paper-Italo Balbo quote: p. 434
• What is Balbo angry about? (3)
• What kind of government action is he
looking for? (3)
Answers:
• What is Balbo angry about?
– Bad economy, veterans could not find jobs.
– Corrupt politicians
– Britain and France cheat Italy, not giving it all the
lands they promised.
• What kind of government action is he looking
for?
– Honest government
– End the chaos, bring law and order
– Wants Italian pride, strength, and world respect
Mussolini’s government:
• Used propaganda to make him popular across Italy. In
what forms? (11)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Statues,
art
Posters,
banners
Newspapers
magazines
Radio
Rallies (electronic PA systems),
parades
film.
Music
Living for the State:
•
•
•
•
Loyalty to state more important than individual rights
Propaganda told all citizens to “____! ____! ____!” (3)
Believe! Obey! Fight!
Men encouraged to be violent, ruthless warriors ready to fight for
Italian glory
• Women lost jobs as government expected them to return home and
raise many Italian babies.
– Mothers of 14 or more got a medal from Mussolini, in person!
• Children put into strict, militaristic youth groups
• The Balilla
– Ancient Roman glory
– Patriotic songs, chants, and hymns
• “Mussolini is always Right!”
World Opinion
• Many nations, even democracies, initially
applauded Mussolini… (2)
– Bringing social order
• Eliminating communists and other radicals
– Developing economic strength
• This admiration would change when (2)
– he began attacking north and east Africa,
– threatened neighbors in Europe.
Mussolini’s totalitarian state and “cult of
personality” will be a model for ___
• Josef Stalin
– will reign similarly, but develop his own, similar
methods,
• Though he lacked the flamboyant personality.
– though adapted for his form of Communism
• Adolf Hitler,
• who will become dictator of Germany, in the 1930s
–
Tech point: Stop after Italian visit
hwk
Standards Check, p. 435
• Question:’
• It united Italians in their desire for a new,
more effective government, no matter how
aggressive.
Standards Check, p. 436
• Question:
• Fascist Italy:
– Government a dictatorship
– Terror tactics
– State controlled economy
– Altered domestic life
– Secret Police
• Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione
dell'Antifascismo; “OVRA”
6, Thinking Critically, 436-7
• Question
• 1
• To create a constant flow of people willing
to serve the government
• 2
• to reinforce traditional roles
• To create as many soldiers and loyal
citizens as possible.
Standards Check, p. 438
• Question:
• Intense loyalty to the government and the
leader
• Use of terror,
• promotion of social change
Brief Response
• What was attractive about fascism to
many Italians and many people in the rest
of the world?
Dictatorship, p. 439
• Question
• 1
• Dictators suppress opponents with
violence, imprisonment, and death