THE NEW
REPUBLIC
A. The federal Constitution (convention,
ratification, Bill of Rights)
B. Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the
national government
C. Emergence of political parties: Federalists
and Republicans
D. John Adams' presidency (Alien and
Sedition Acts, Election of 1800)
GUIDING QUESTIONS
How and why did the
Constitution replace the
Articles of Confederation?
To what extent was the
Constitution a radical
departure from the Articles of
Confederation?
THE FEDERAL
CONSTITUTION
Confederation to Constitution
Annapolis Convention
(1786)
•Constitutional Convention
(May 1787)
Constitutional Convention
“Founding Fathers”
Virginia Plan
Great Compromise
Slavery
Three-Fifths
Compromise
Slave trade
Fugitive Slaves
"Scene at the Signing of
the Constitution." By
Howard Chandler Christy.
Independence
Hall, Philadelphia in 1800
Features of the Constitution
1.
Concern about
Concentrated Power
• “Federal” system
– Problem of sovereignty
• Separation of power
• Checks and balances
System of Checks and Balances
Features of the Constitution
2.
Concern about the Power of
the People
• “filters”
• Electoral College
Constitution
LEGISLATIVE
Senate
House
EXECUTIVE
President
JUDICIAL
Supreme Court
Features of the Constitution
Concern about Protecting
Economic Interests?
ARTICLES vs. THE CONSTITUTION
ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION
Sovereignty
Representation of states
Executive
Federal courts
Passing laws
Amending document
Interstate commerce
(Regulation of trade)
Levying taxes
Raising an army
Disputes between states
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLES vs. THE CONSTITUTION
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
CONSTITUTION
Sovereignty
States
People
Representation of states
Equal
Population & equal
Executive
None
President
Federal courts
None
Supreme Ct & system
Passing laws
2/3 approval
Majority ea. house + Pres.
Amending document
Unanimous
2/3 ea. House Congress +
¾ states
Interstate commerce
(Regulation of trade)
No power
Congress
Levying taxes
States only
Congress
Raising an army
States
Congress
Disputes between states
States
Supreme Court
Ratification of the Constitution
& the Bill of Rights
Ratification
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalist Papers
Bill of Rights
Cover page from
The Federalist, 1788
Ratification of the Constitution
Votes of State Ratifying Conventions
ANALYZING THE
CONSTITUTION
Did the Constitution reflect the
goals of the American Revolution?
OR: Was it a counter-revolutionary
document established to benefit the
traditional political and economic
elites?
SHAPING THE
NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT
How did George Washington and
Alexander Hamilton set up a stable
national government?
Territorial
Growth to
1790
Advance of
settlement
to 1790
SHAPING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
George Washington
The “indispensable man”
Enormous stature
Revolution, Constitution
“virtue”
Stayed above the fray
First President – precedents
Stature to office of President
Cabinet (Hamilton, Jefferson)
Two terms
Restrained use of power:
legislation; veto
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
George Washington
Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860), oil on canvas, 1795
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
SHAPING THE
NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT
Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1792
(Courtesy of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Collection of
Americana)
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
1) “Funding the Debt” – at face value ($50M)
2) Assumption of state debts ($25M)
3) National Bank – (First) Bank of the United States
4) High Protective Tariff
5) Sources of Revenue: tariff, public land sales, excise tax on
whiskey
Purposes:
a) Place national gov’t on firm financial standing,
b) Give wealthy stake in success of new national gov’t
c) Promote growth of industrial activity and urban areas
Hamilton's
Financial
Structure
Supported
by
Revenues
The Deal
•
Washington, D.C.
Pierre
L’Enfant’s
plan for
Washington,
D.C.
EMERGENCE OF
POLITICAL
PARTIES
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
How did differing views of what the
nation should become lead to the
rise of America’s first political
parties?
Emergence Of Political Parties
Founders’ dislike of parties
Democratic-Republicans – usually “Republicans”
Federalists
“First Party System”: Feds & Reps (1790s-c. 1816)
International Problems
War Between France and
Britain (1793-1815)
Jay’s Treaty (1795)
Attacks on US ships
Forts
Trade
Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)
Washington’s Farewell
Address (Sept 1796)
International Issues Lead to
Domestic Discord
Election of 1796
John Adams (Pres. 1797-1801)
XYZ Affair
Quasi War with France (1797-1801)
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions (fall 1798)
John Adams
(Library of Congress)
Conflict in the Northwest Territory 1790-96
The Election of 1800
Sources
Brinkley 10e
http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/templates/student_res
ources/0030724791_ayers/maps/7.1.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail73.html
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap
Divine, America Past & Present 7e
Henretta, America’s History 5e from
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
Nash, The American People 6e