C++ Plus Data Structures
Nell Dale
Lecture 3
ADTs Unsorted List and Sorted List
Slides by Sylvia Sorkin, Community College of Baltimore County - Essex Campus
Modified by Reneta Barneva, SUNY College at Fredonia
1
Topics to be considered
 ADT Unsorted Lists
 ADT Sorted Lists
 Comparisons of complexity for
different algorithms
2
Abstract Data Type (ADT)

A data type whose properties (domain and
operations) are specified independently of
any particular implementation.
3
Data from 3 different levels

Application (or user) level: modeling
real-life data in a specific context.

Logical (or ADT) level: abstract view of
the domain and operations.
WHAT

Implementation level: specific
representation of the structure to hold
the data items, and the coding for
operations.
HOW
4
4 Basic Kinds of ADT Operations

Constructor -- creates a new instance (object)
of an ADT.

Transformer -- changes the state of one or
more of the data values of an instance.

Observer -- allows us to observe the state of
one or more of the data values of an instance
without changing them.

Iterator -- allows us to process all the
components in a data structure sequentially.5
Lists
Everyday lists (examples)
 Lists are a useful and common ADT for
any language
 In Lisp the list is the main data structure
 Lists are not a native data structure for
C++

6
Lists

A list is a homogeneous collection of
elements, with a linear relationship
between elements.

That is, each list element (except the
first) has a unique predecessor, and
each element (except the last) has a
unique successor.
7
Lists
 The number of elements in a list is its
length. The length is not fixed and can
vary over time.
 The only relationship in an unsorted list is
pred and succ
 A key member of a record is used to sort
an unsorted list
 A key is a member of a record whose
value is used to determine the logical
and/or physical order of the items in the
8
list.
Sorted and Unsorted Lists
UNSORTED LIST
Elements are placed
into the list in
no particular order.
SORTED LIST
List elements are in an
order that is sorted in
some way -- either
numerically or
alphabetically by the
elements themselves, or
by a component of the
element (called a KEY
member) .
9
ADT Unsorted List Operations
Transformers



MakeEmpty
InsertItem
DeleteItem
change state
Observers


IsFull
LengthIs

RetrieveItem
Iterators

ResetList
 GetNextItem
observe state
process all
10
What is a Generic Data Type?
A generic data type is a type for which the
operations are defined but the types of the
items being manipulated are not defined.
One way to simulate such a type for our
UnsortedList ADT is via a user-defined class
ItemType with member function
ComparedTo having enumerated type value
LESS, GREATER, or EQUAL.
11
Specifying class ItemType
// SPECIFICATION FILE
( itemtype.h )
const int MAX_ITEMS = 5 ;
//some big number
enum RelationType { LESS, EQUAL, GREATER } ;
class ItemType
{
public :
RelationType
void
void
private :
int
value ;
};
// declares class data type
// 3 public member functions
ComparedTo ( ItemType ) const ;
Print ( ) const ;
Initialize ( int number ) ;
// 1 private data member
// could be any different type
12
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
( itemtype.cpp )
// Implementation depends on the data type of value.
#include "itemtype.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
RelationType ItemType::ComparedTo ( ItemType otherItem ) const
{
if ( value < otherItem.value )
return LESS ;
else if ( value > otherItem.value )
return GREATER ;
else return EQUAL ;
}
void ItemType::Print ( ) const
{
cout << value << endl ;
}
void ItemType::Initialize ( int number )
{
value = number ;
}
ItemType
Class Interface Diagram
class ItemType
ComparedTo
Private data
Print
value
Initialize
14
// SPECIFICATION FILE
#include "ItemType.h"
( unsorted.h )
class UnsortedType
{
public :
// declares a class data type
void
bool
int
void
void
void
void
void
MakeEmpty ( ) ;
IsFull ( ) const ;
LengthIs ( ) const ;
// returns length of list
RetrieveItem ( ItemType& item, bool& found ) ;
InsertItem ( ItemType item ) ;
DeleteItem ( ItemType item ) ;
ResetList ( );
GetNextItem ( ItemType& item ) ;
private :
int
ItemType
int
};
// 8 public member functions
// 3 private data members
length ;
info[MAX_ITEMS] ;
currentPos ;
15
Class Interface Diagram
UnsortedType class
MakeEmpty
IsFull
LengthIs
RetrieveItem
InsertItem
Private data:
length
info
[0]
[1]
[2]
DeleteItem
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
ResetList
currentPos
GetNextItem
16
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE ARRAY-BASED LIST ( unsorted.cpp )
#include "itemtype.h"
void UnsortedType::MakeEmpty ( )
// Pre: None.
// Post: List is empty.
{
length = 0 ;
}
void UnsortedType::InsertItem ( ItemType item )
// Pre: List has been initialized. List is not full. item is not in list.
// Post: item is in the list.
{
info[length] = item ;
length++ ;
17
}
Before Inserting Boris into an
Unsorted List
length
info
3
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
The item will
be placed into
the length location,
and length will be
incremented.
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
18
After Inserting Boris into an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
19
void UnsortedType::LengthIs ( ) const
// Pre: List has been inititalized.
// Post: Function value == ( number of elements in list ).
{
return length ;
}
bool UnsortedType::IsFull ( ) const
// Pre: List has been initialized.
// Post: Function value == ( list is full ).
{
return ( length == MAX_ITEMS ) ;
}
20
void UnsortedType::RetrieveItem ( ItemType& item, bool& found )
// Pre: Key member of item is initialized.
// Post: If found, item’s key matches an element’s key in the list and a copy
//
of that element has been stored in item; otherwise, item is unchanged.
{ bool moreToSearch ;
int location = 0 ;
found = false ;
moreToSearch = ( location < length ) ;
while ( moreToSearch && !found )
{
switch ( item.ComparedTo( info[location] ) )
{ case LESS
:
case GREATER : location++ ;
moreToSearch = ( location < length ) ;
break;
case EQUAL
: found = true ;
item = info[ location ] ;
break ;
}
21
}
Retrieving Ivan from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
moreToSearch: true
found:
false
location:
0
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
22
Retrieving Ivan from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
moreToSearch: true
found:
false
location:
1
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
23
Retrieving Ivan from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
moreToSearch: true
found:
false
location:
2
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
24
Retrieving Ivan from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
moreToSearch: true
found:
false
location:
3
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
25
Retrieving Ivan from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
moreToSearch: false
found:
false
location:
4
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
26
void UnsortedType::DeleteItem ( ItemType item )
// Pre: item’s key has been inititalized.
//
An element in the list has a key that matches item’s.
// Post: No element in the list has a key that matches item’s.
{
int location = 0 ;
while (item.ComparedTo (info [location] ) != EQUAL )
location++;
// move last element into position where item was located
info [location] = info [length - 1 ] ;
length-- ;
}
27
Deleting Bradley from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
location:
0
Key Bradley has
not been matched.
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
28
Deleting Bradley from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Bradley
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
location:
1
Key Bradley has
been matched.
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
29
Deleting Bradley from an
Unsorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Boris
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
.
.
.
location:
1
Placed copy of
last list element
into the position
where the key Bradley
was before.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
30
Deleting Bradley from an
Unsorted List
length
info
3
[0]
Maxwell
[1]
Boris
[2]
John
[3]
Boris
location:
1
Decremented length.
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
31
void UnsortedType::ResetList ( )
// Pre: List has been inititalized.
// Post: Current position is prior to first element in list.
{
currentPos = -1 ;
}
void UnsortedType::GetNextItem ( ItemType& item )
// Pre: List has been initialized. Current position is defined.
//
Element at current position is not last in list.
// Post: Current position is updated to next position.
//
item is a copy of element at current position.
{
currentPos++ ;
item = info [currentPos] ;
}
32
SortedType
Class Interface Diagram
SortedType class
MakeEmpty
IsFull
LengthIs
RetrieveItem
InsertItem
Private data:
length
info
[0]
[1]
[2]
DeleteItem
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
ResetList
currentPos
GetNextItem
33
Member functions
Which member function specifications
and implementations must change to
ensure that any instance of the Sorted
List ADT remains sorted at all times?
InsertItem
DeleteItem
Which function can be improved?
RetrieveItem
34
InsertItem algorithm for
SortedList ADT

Find proper location for the new
element in the sorted list.

Create space for the new element
by moving down all the list elements
that will follow it.

Put the new element in the list.

Increment length.
35
Implementing SortedType
member function InsertItem
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
#include "itemtype.h"
(sorted.cpp)
// also must appear in client code
void SortedType :: InsertItem ( ItemType item )
// Pre: List has been initialized. List is not full. item is not in list.
//
List is sorted by key member using function ComparedTo.
// Post: item is in the list. List is still sorted.
{
.
.
.
}
36
// Sequential search of the position
void SortedType :: InsertItem ( ItemType item )
{
bool moreToSearch ;
int location = 0 ;
// find proper location for new element
moreToSearch = ( location < length ) ;
while ( moreToSearch )
{
switch ( item.ComparedTo( info[location] ) )
{ case LESS
: moreToSearch = false ;
break ;
case GREATER : location++ ;
moreToSearch = ( location < length ) ;
break ;
}
}
// make room for new element in sorted list
for ( int index = length ; index > location ; index-- )
info [ index ] = info [ index - 1 ] ;
info [ location ] = item ;
length++ ;
}
DeleteItem algorithm for
SortedList ADT

Find the location of the element to
be deleted from the sorted list.

Eliminate space occupied by the
item being deleted by moving up all
the list elements that follow it.

Decrement length.
38
Implementing SortedType
member function DeleteItem
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
continued
(sorted.cpp)
void SortedType :: DeleteItem ( ItemType item )
// Pre: List has been initialized. Key member of item is initialized.
//
Exactly one element in list has a key matching item’s key.
//
List is sorted by key member using function ComparedTo.
// Post: No item in list has key matching item’s key.
//
List is still sorted.
{
.
.
.
}
39
void SortedType :: DeleteItem ( ItemType item )
{
int location = 0 ;
// find location of element to be deleted
while ( item.ComparedTo ( info[location] ) != EQUAL )
location++ ;
// move up elements that follow deleted item in sorted list
for ( int index = location + 1 ; index < length ; index++ )
info [ index - 1 ] = info [ index ] ;
length-- ;
}
40
Improving member function
RetrieveItem
Recall that with the Unsorted List ADT
we examined each list element beginning
with info[ 0 ], until we either found a
matching key, or we had examined all
the elements in the Unsorted List.
How can the searching algorithm be
improved for Sorted List ADT?
41
Retrieving Eliot from a
Sorted List
length
info
4
[0]
Asad
[1]
Bradley
[2]
Hsing
[3]
Maxwell
The sequential search
for Eliot can stop
when Hsing has been
examined.
.
.
.
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
42
Binary Search in a Sorted List

Examines the element in the middle of the array.
Is it the sought item? If so, stop searching. Is the
middle element too small? Then start looking in
second half of array. Is the middle element too
large? Then begin looking in first half of the array.

Repeat the process in the half of the list that
should be examined next.

Stop when item is found, or when there is nowhere
else to look and item has not been found.
43
void SortedType::RetrieveItem ( ItemType& item, bool& found )
// Pre: Key member of item is initialized.
// Post: If found, item’s key matches an element’s key in the list and a copy
//
of that element has been stored in item; otherwise, item is unchanged.
{ int midPoint ;
int first = 0;
int last = length - 1 ;
bool moreToSearch = ( first <= last ) ;
found = false ;
while ( moreToSearch && !found )
{
midPoint = ( first + last ) / 2 ;
// INDEX OF MIDDLE ELEMENT
switch ( item.ComparedTo( info [ midPoint ] ) )
{
case LESS
:
. . . // LOOK IN FIRST HALF NEXT
case GREATER :
. . . // LOOK IN SECOND HALF NEXT
case EQUAL
:
. . . // ITEM HAS BEEN FOUND
}
}
}
Trace of Binary Search
item = 45
15
info[0]
26
[1]
38
[2]
57
62
[3]
[4]
first
78
[5]
info[0]
first
[6]
91
108
119
[7]
[8]
[9]
midPoint
last
LESS
15
84
26
[1]
last = midPoint - 1
38
[2]
midPoint
GREATER
57
62
[3]
[4]
78
[5]
84
[6]
91
108
119
[7]
[8]
[9]
last
first = midPoint + 1
45
Trace continued
item = 45
15
info[0]
26
38
[1]
[2]
57
62
[3]
[4]
78
[5]
84
[6]
91
108
119
[7]
[8]
[9]
first,
last
midPoint
GREATER
15
info[0]
26
[1]
38
[2]
first = midPoint + 1
57
62
[3]
[4]
78
[5]
84
[6]
91
108
119
[7]
[8]
[9]
first,
midPoint,
last
LESS
last = midPoint - 1
46
Trace concludes
item = 45
15
info[0]
26
[1]
38
57
62
[2]
[3]
[4]
last
first
first > last
78
[5]
84
[6]
91
108
119
[7]
[8]
[9]
found = false
47
void SortedType::RetrieveItem ( ItemType& item, bool& found )
// ASSUMES info ARRAY SORTED IN ASCENDING ORDER
{ int
midPoint ;
int
first = 0;
int
last = length - 1 ;
bool moreToSearch = ( first <= last ) ;
found = false ;
while ( moreToSearch && !found )
{
midPoint = ( first + last ) / 2 ;
switch ( item.ComparedTo( info [ midPoint ] ) )
{ case LESS
:
last = midPoint - 1 ;
moreToSearch = ( first <= last ) ;
break ;
case GREATER :
first = midPoint + 1 ;
moreToSearch = ( first <= last ) ;
break ;
case EQUAL
:
found = true ;
item = info[ midPoint ] ;
break ;
}
}
}
Comparison of Linear and Binary Search
Length
10
100
1000
10000
Linear
5
50
500
5000
Binary
3
6
9
12
49
Order of Magnitude of a Function
The order of magnitude, or Big-O notation,
of a function expresses the computing time
of a problem as the term in a function that
increases most rapidly relative to the size
of a problem.
50
Names of Orders of Magnitude
O(1)
bounded (by a constant) time
O(log2N)
logarithmic time
O(N)
linear time
O(N*log2N) N*log2N time
O(N2)
quadratic time
O( 2N )
exponential time
51
N
log2N
N*log2N
N2
2N
1
0
0
1
2
2
1
2
4
4
4
2
8
16
16
8
3
24
64
256
16
4
64
256
65,536
32
5
160
1024
4,294,967,296
64
6
384
4096
2E18
128
7
896
16,384
4E38
Big-O Comparison of List Operations
OPERATION
UnsortedList
SortedList
RetrieveItem
O(N)
O(N) linear search
O(log2N) binary search
InsertItem
Find
Put
Combined
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(N) search
O(N) moving down
O(N)
DeleteItem
Find
Put
Combined
O(N)
O(1) swap
O(N)
O(N) search
O(N) moving up
O(N)
Big-O Comparison of List Operations
OPERATION
ResetList
MakeEmpty
IsFull
LengthIs
GetNextItem
UnsortedList
SortedList
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Two Forms of
Composite Data Types
UNSTRUCTURED
STRUCTURED
Components are not
organized with respect to
one another.
The organization
determines method used
to access individual
data components.
EXAMPLES:
classes and structs
EXAMPLES: arrays
55
Class Constructor
A special member function of a class
that is implicitly invoked when a class
object is defined.
56
Class Constructor Rules
1 A constructor cannot return a function value, and has
no return value type.
2 A class may have several constructors. The compiler
chooses the appropriate constructor by the number
and types of parameters used.
3 Constructor parameters are placed in a parameter list
in the declaration of the class object.
4 The parameterless constructor is the default
constructor.
5 If a class has at least one constructor, and an array of
class objects is declared, then one of the constructors
must be the default constructor, which is invoked for
57
each element in the array.
SortedType
with 2 constructors
SortedType class
SortedType
SortedType
MakeEmpty
IsFull
LengthIs
RetrieveItem
.
.
.
GetNextItem
Private data:
length
info
[0]
[1]
[2]
[MAX_ITEMS-1]
currentPos
58
// SPECIFICATION FILE
#include "ItemType.h"
( sorted.h )
class SortedType
{
public :
SortedType ( ) ;
// Default constructor
SortedType ( ItemType initialValue ) ; // Parameterized constr.
void
MakeEmpty ( ) ;
// OTHER MEMBER FUNCTIONS HERE
.
.
.
private :
int
ItemType
int
};
// private data members
length ;
info[MAX_ITEMS] ;
currentPos ;
Default Constructor
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
(sorted.cpp)
SortedType :: SortedType ( )
// Pre: None
// Post: length is initialized to 0.
{
length = 0 ;
currentPos = -1;
}
60
Parameterized Constructor
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
(sorted.cpp)
SortedType :: SortedType ( ItemType initialValue )
// Pre: initialValue has been assigned a value.
// Post: length is initialized to 0. Each element of list is initialized
//
to initialValue.
{
length = 0 ;
currentPos = -1;
for ( int counter = 0 ; counter < MAX_ITEMS ; counter++ )
info [ counter ] = initialValue ;
}
61
StrType Class Interface Diagram:
Example of Overloaded Operators
StrType class
StrType
MakeEmpty
GetString
PrintToScreen
Private data:
letters ‘c’ ’a’ ’t’ ’\0’ ...
.
.
.
operator<
operator==
62
class StrType Default Constructor
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
#include "strtype.h"
(strtype.cpp)
// also appears in client code
StrType :: StrType( )
// DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
// Pre: None.
// Post: letters is empty string.
{
letters[0] = ‘\0’ ;
}
63
// SPECIFICATION FILE
( strtype.h )
const int MAX_CHARS = 200 ;
enum InType { ALPHA_NUM, ALPHA, NON_WHITE, NOT_NEW } ;
class StrType
{
public :
StrType ( ) ;
// DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
void
MakeEmpty ( ) ;
void
GetString ( bool skip, InType charsAllowed ) ;
void
PrintToScreen ( bool newLine ) const ;
.
.
.
bool
bool
private :
char
};
// OVERLOADED OPERATORS
operator< (StrType otherString ) const ;
operator== (StrType otherString ) const ;
letters [MAX_CHARS + 1 ] ;
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
continued
(strtype.cpp)
// operator< OVERLOADED
bool StrType :: operator< ( StrType otherString ) const
// Pre: self is initialized. otherString is initialized.
// Post: Returns true if self precedes otherString
//
lexicographically. Otherwise, returns false.
{
int result ;
result = strcmp ( letters, otherString.letters ) ;
if ( result < 0 )
return true;
else
return false ;
}
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE
continued
(strtype.cpp)
// operator== OVERLOADED
bool StrType :: operator==( StrType otherString ) const
// Pre: self is initialized. otherString is initialized.
// Post: Returns true if self is identical to otherString
//
lexicographically. Otherwise, returns false.
{
int result ;
result = strcmp ( letters, otherString.letters ) ;
if ( result == 0 )
return true;
else
return false ;
}