AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
CHAPTER 10
IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA
•
Throughout the 19th century America
expanded control of the continent to the
Pacific Ocean
•
•
By 1880, many American leaders felt
the U.S. should join European nations
and establish colonies overseas
Thus began America’s foray into
Imperialism – the policy in which
stronger nations extend their
economic, political, or military
control over weaker
territories.
WHY IMPERIALISM
• Desire for Military strength
• Leader of US Navy Alfred Mahan
advised strong navy
• Battleships such as the Maine
and Oregon transformed the
country into the world’s third
largest naval power
• Thirst for new markets
• to spur economy & trade
(needed raw materials)
• Belief in Cultural Superiority
• a belief that Anglo-Saxons
were superior
THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA
• In
1867, Secretary of State
William Steward arranged for
the United States to buy
Alaska from the Russians for
$7.2 million
• Some
thought it was a silly
idea and called it “Steward’s
Icebox”
• Time
has shown how smart it
was to buy Alaska for 2 cents
an acre
• Alaska
is rich in timber,
minerals and oil
•
•
•
•
U.S. TAKES HAWAII
Hawaii had been economically
important to Americans for
centuries
To avoid import taxes (tariffs),
sugar growers pleaded for
annexation
The U.S. knew the value of the
Islands – they had built a naval
base at Pearl Harbor in 1887
Led by Sanford Dole, American
annexed Hawaii in 1898
and it formally became
a state in 1959
MCKINLEY
WHAT HAPPENED TOWILLIAM
HAWAII?
SANFORD B. DOLE
•
•
•
•
Queen Liliuokalani agenda was Hawaii for
Hawaiians.
She proposed property owning qualifications for
voting
To prevent this from happening business owners
and US ambassador organized a revolution With
the help of the Marines they overthrew the
government and set up a government headed by
Sanford B. Dole
President William McKinley declared Hawaii a
territory of the united states without ever letting
Hawaiians a chance to vote on it
Section 2: Spanish American War
•
••
•
•
Spain once the most powerful country on earth
now only has two colonies left. Cuba and the
Philippines.
America had long held an interest in Cuba
U.S tried to buy Cuba from the Spanish. Spain
responded “I rather see Cuba sunk in the ocean”
When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against
Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American
sympathy went out to the Cuban people
After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886,
Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar
CUBA’S
SECOND
WAR FOR Weyler to
•Spain
sent
Valeriano
INDEPENDENCE
Cuba
to restore order.
Anti-Spain sentiment in
Cuba soon erupted
into a second war for
independence
•He tried to restore order by
Led by poet Jose Marti,
putting civilians in
Cuba attempted a
revolution in 1895
concentration camps.
Marti deliberately
destroyed property,
including American
sugar plants, hoping
to provoke American
intervention
•Over 300,000 Cubans were put
in these camps where many
died of disease and starvation.
Marti
WAR FEVER ESCLATES
• Newspaper publishers
• William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal)
• Joseph Pulitzer (New York World)
• exaggerated Spanish atrocities and
brutality in “Headline Wars”
Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and
Hearst escalating and instigating war
between the U.S. and Spain
YELLOW JOURNALISM
• The style of writing when you
exaggerate the news to lure
and engage readers
U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES
Before
• Early
in 1888,
President McKinley
ordered the U.S.S.
Maine to Cuba in
order to bring home
American citizens in
danger
After
• On
February 15, 1898
the ship blew up in
the harbor of Havana
• More
than 260 men
were killed
The Maine Explodes
Unknown artist , 1898
Notice the men flying
dramatically through the
air.
•Congress
debated
WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN
•
for a week and
then
finally gave• the ok
for a declaration of
war on Spain.
•
There was no holding
back those that wanted
war with Spain
Newspapers blamed the
Spanish for bombing the
U.S.S. Maine (recent
investigations have
shown it was a fire inside
the Maine)
“Remember the Maine!”
became a rallying cry for
U.S. intervention in Cuba
•
It made no difference that
Spain agreed to all the US
demands
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
• U.S. forces surprised
•
•
•
•
Spain by attacking the
Spanish colony of the
Philippines
Commodore George
Dewey gave the command
to open fire on Spanish
ships
Dewey’s men destroyed
every Spanish ship there.
11,000 Americans joined
forces with Filipino rebel
leader Emilo Aguinaldo
By August, 1898 Spain
had surrendered to the
U.S. in Manila
· The Philippine capital,
Manila, was captured with
the help of Filipino rebels,
led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
• A naval blockade of
•
Cuba was followed
by a land invasion
highlighted by
Roosevelt’s Rough
Rider victory at San
Juan Hill
Next, the American
Navy destroyed the
Spanish fleet and
paved the way for an
invasion of Puerto
Rico (Spanish
colony)
About the Soldiers
• More than 125,000 Americans
volunteered
• The training camps lacked adequate
supplies and effective leaders
• Not enough modern guns to go around
• Troops were outfitted with heavy
woolen uniforms unsuitable for Cuba’s
tropical climate
soldiers
died ofmany
yellow fever
ThereMany
were
also
African
during their stay in Cuba some 2,000
American
regiments
soldiers died of
disease more than was
killed in actual combat
· Theodore Roosevelt
led a volunteer Cavalry
regiment known as the
Rough Riders to
victory at the battle of
San Juan Hill.
Col Roosevelt in Rough
Rider uniform. October
26, 1898
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders atop
San Juan Heights, 1898
· Spain surrendered
after their fleet was
destroyed two days
later in Santiago Bay.
The torpedo was a new, highly feared weapon system which
saw very little use during the war. In spite of all of the amazing
claims of its abilities, the Spanish American War saw no vessel
on either side sunk through the use of a torpedo. However, at
the battle of Santiago, the Spanish cruiser VIZCAYA
apparently suffered a torpedo hit, putting the ship out of
action.
U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS
The U.S. and Spain
signed an armistice on
August 12, 1898,
ending what Secretary
of State John Hay
called “a splendid little
war”
The war lasted only 16
weeks
Cuba was now
independent
U.S. receives Guam,
Puerto Rico, and
“bought” the
Philippines for $20
Treaty of Paris,
1898
Results of the War
"The war of the United States
with Spain was very brief.
Its results were many,
startling, and of world-wide
meaning."
--Henry Cabot Lodge
1. Cuba was given its independence.
2. The U.S. was given control of the islands of Puerto Rico,
Guam and the Philippines.
3. Spain received $20 million dollars.
· Cuba was forced to sign the Platt Amendment, which:
- limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and borrow money
- allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba
- gave the U.S. control of the naval base in Guantanamo Bay
“School Begins” - In the back of the classroom students representing
California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Alaska are quietly
reading. In the front row are boys representing the Philippines, Puerto
Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii looking as if they would rather not be there.
“The American Policy”
Miss Columbia, teacher at
the Liberty School, is
ringing a bell. Uncle Sam,
switch in hand, is dragging
by the ear a Filipino boy in
loincloth and amulet. Boys
from Hawaii, Cuba, and
Puerto Rico are standing
around watching.
SECTION 3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS
• The
U.S had to decide
how to rule the new
lands
•
•
•
Puerto Rico wanted
their independence– but
the U.S. had other plans
Puerto Rico was
important to the U.S.
strategically
The U.S. set up a civil
government, full
citizenship, and a
bicameral system
FILIPINOS REBEL
•
•
•
U.S. troops fire on
rebels
Filipinos reacted with
rage to the American
annexation
Rebel leader Emilio
Aguinaldo vowed to
fight for freedom and in
1899 he led a rebellion
The 3-year war claimed
20,000 Filipino rebels,
4,000 American lives
and $400,000,000 (20x
the price the U.S. paid
for the land)
AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
•
•
•
•
After the war US set up a government similar to
the one in Puerto Rico
The US president would appoint a governor and a
legislatures
Filipinos would elect the lower house
Under American rule the Philippines moved
gradually toward independence and finally
became and independent republic on
July 4, 1946
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
•
Foreign
nations
were
opening the
door to
China’s
trade
•
•
•
China was a vast potential
market for American
products
Weakened by war and
foreign intervention, many
European countries had
colonized in China
China was known as “sick
man of Asia” France,
Germany, Britain, Japan,
and Russia have all set up
prosperous settlements
along the coast of china.
In 1889, John Hay, U.S.
Secretary of State, issued
the Open Door Policy which
outlined his plan for free
trade among nations in
China
•
BOXER REBELLION
•
•
European nations
dominated China’s cities
Resentment arose in the
form of secret societies
determined to rid China of
these “foreign devils”
The Boxer’s were a
secret group that rioted
in 1900, killing and
vandalizing all things
foreign.
•
•
•
Killed Chinese who
converted to Christianity
Called boxers because
they practice martial Arts
Germany, France, Great
Britain and American
troops marched on the
capital and put down the
“Boxer Rebellion”
SECTION 4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
• The assassination of
William McKinley gave
Teddy Roosevelt the
presidency
•
Two events signaled
America’s continued
climb toward being the
#1 world power
•
The Nobel
Peace Prize
is awarded
annually
•
•
1)Roosevelt negotiated a
settlement between
Russia and Japan who
had been at War
1)Construction of Panama
Cana
Roosevelt won the 1906
Nobel Peace Prize
BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914
• The
French had already
unsuccessfully
attempted to build a
canal through Panama
•
•
Cost- $380 million
Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600
died) Time – Construction
took 10 years
•
America first had to
help Panama win their
independence from
Colombia – which it did
Construction of the
Canal stands as one of
the greatest
engineering feats of
all-time
Teddy Roosevelt said
“the Dirt Will Fly”
Animation:
How the
Panama
Canal
Works
Panama
Canal
Timelapse
Panama Canal
• France, led by
engineer Ferdinand de
Lesseps, began
construction on the
canal in 1881.
• About $287,000,000
had been spent and
20,000 men had died,
mostly of yellow fever
and malaria, before the
French gave up.
Ferdinand de Lesseps
• President Theodore
Roosevelt stated in a speech
about the Panama Canal, "No
single great material work
which remains to be
undertaken on this continent
is as of such consequence to
the American people."
• Colombia refused to grant
the U.S. permission to
complete the canal project.
• Therefore, the U.S.
encouraged the Panamanian
people to revolt against
Colombia.
• On November 3, 1903, Panama declared their independence
from Colombia and allowed the U.S. to build the canal.
•U.S Paid Panama $10 million plus an annual rent of $250,000
for an area called the canal zone
• U.S. workers first
sprayed tons of insecticide
across Panama in order to
destroy the mosquito eggs
in an attempt to limit cases
of malaria and yellow
fever.
1905 fumigation car eradicating the mosquitoes - Panama City
• Using mainly black
workers from the
West Indies, the U.S.
finished the canal in
1914.
•Was overshadowed
by the beginning of
WWI
1909 Arrival of SS. Ancon
with 1500 laborers from
Barbados at the Cristobal
Port in Colon, Panama
The Panama Canal
– Live Cameras
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)
This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue
line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama
Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the
canal, which became sole property of Panama in
the year 2000
Monroe Doctrine
Constable of the World
Policing Latin America
Roosevelt Corollary
• claimed the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America to
preserve law and order
• extension of the Monroe Doctrine
• established by Pres. Roosevelt in 1904
* The U.S. used the Roosevelt Corollary frequently, angering
Latin American countries.
Dollar Diplomacy – President Taft’s policy of encouraging
Americans to invest in Latin America
U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914
Country
Occupied
Years
Reasons
Dominican
Republic
1916 - to control their
1924 finances, help them
pay their debts, and
keep the peace
Nicaragua
1912 - to restore order after
1933 a revolution and to
protect U.S.
businesses
Haiti
1915- to restore order after
1934 years of anarchy
Honduras
1911 - to protect U.S.
1925 businesses during
civil war
Porfirio Diaz
Mexican
Revolution
Francisco Madero
•Military dictator Porfirio Diaz a friend of
the United
States ruled Mexico for 30 years
Huerta
encourage American investment
•Was overthrown by Francisco Madero…
was not able to satisfy Mexican citizens
•Was killed and General Victoriano Huerta
took his place
•President Wilson refused to recognize
Huerta’s new government
Troubles in Mexico
• Wilson waited for an exucse to
occupy Mexico and take down
Huerta.
•Mexico arrested several U.S.
sailors in 1914 and Pres.
•Wilson sent the navy to occupy
Veracruz.
"Formal raising of first flag of
U.S. / Veracruz 2 P.M. April 27,
1914"
Generals Alvaro Obregon, Pancho Villa and John J.
Pershing, Ft. Bliss, El Paso, Texas, Aug. 27, 1914.
• In 1916, Mexican Gen.
Pancho Villa killed 18
Americans at the Santa Ysabel
massacre and 17 Americans in
Columbus, New Mexico.
Pancho Villa’s 1916 attack on Columbus, New Mexico
After the raid on Columbus, N.M.
• U.S. General John
Pershing was sent to
Mexico in an unsuccessful
attempt to capture Villa.
Statue of Pancho Villa, La Buffa, Mexico
•Pancho Villa was never found.
•The United States grew closer to war
with Mexico over government and land
occupation
•Facing and increasing risk of war in
Europe both sides backed down judging
they needed to keep their border relations
friendly.
•During the start of the 20
th
United States
century the
•Expanded its foreign markets
•Built a modern navy
•Exercised its international police
power to ensure dominance in Latin
America