December 2014
Prepared by- Er. Dipesh Pandey
CONTENTS
Introduction
Activities in Road Construction
Tools, Equipment and Plant
Earthwork
Mass Haul Diagram
Definition
Activities to change existing ground to
designed shape,
grade and
provide necessary facilities for
smooth,
safe and
efficient traffic operation,
including reconstruction of existing road.
Activities in Road Construction
 Earthwork
 site clearance,
 E/W in filling,
 E/W in excavation,
 Excavation for borrow pit,
 Excavation for foundation,
 Disposal of surplus
 Structural Work
 Earth retaining str,
 Gully control works,
 Land slide stabilization,
 River training works,
 Bridge protection works
 Miscellaneou  Pavement Work
 Drainage Work
 Sub grade preparation,
s Work
 Side drains,
 Road Ancillaries  Sub-base,
 Culverts,
 Traffic
 Base course and
sign/signal,
 Sub surface drain,
markings
 Wearing course
 Causeway
 Minor bridge
 Boi-engineering
works
Tools, Equipment and Plant
 Tools
Hand shovel,
Chisel, Peak,
Spade,
Hand Rammer,
Brushes,
Trowel,
Wheel Borrow
 Compaction Equipment
smooth wheel roller,
vibrating roller,
pneumatic roller, sheep
foot roller, different
capacity rammers
 Equipment
 Earth Moving Equipment
Dozer, Scraper, Loader,
Excavator, Backhoe,
Dragline, Clamshell,
Trench digger
 Leveling Equipment
Motor Grader
 Paving Equipment
Binder storage tank with heating
device, binder spreader,
aggregate spreader, cement
concrete mixture, bituminous
mechanical paver, cement
concrete paver
Cont.…
 Lifting Equipment
 Loader,
 Backhoe,
 Different capacity crane
Transporting
Equipment
Dumping trucks,
Flat body trucks,
mini dumper
 Leveling Equipment
Miscellaneous Equipment
Rock driller,
Core Cutter,
Edge cutter
Motor Grader
 Paving Equipment
Binder storage tank with heating
device, binder spreader,
aggregate spreader, cement
concrete mixture, bituminous
mechanical paver, cement
concrete paver
Cont.….
 Plants
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Cement concrete plant,
Asphalt concrete plant,
cold mix plant,
Aggregate crushing plant,
Screening plant,
Earthwork
 Process to prepare sub grade level bringing it to design
grade and shape
 may be in embankment and filling
 Quantity based on longitudinal and cross section
 Mass haul diagram necessary to decide economic haul
 E/W quantities are estimate based on L and X sections
Site Clearance
 Started just after survey works and before any
construction works
 Clearing of grass, weeds, bushes, shrubs
 Removal of existing trees, stumps and roots along the
road alignment
 Removal of existing structures along right of way
Earthwork in Filling
 Necessary when we have to raise the sub-grade from
existing ground level
Reasons:
 To keep sub-grade high from ground water table
 To prevent damage due to surface and capillary rise
 To maintain vertical alignment
Design elements:
 Height,
 Fill material,
 Settlement,
 Stability of foundation,
 Stability of slope
Equipment:
Grader, Roller, Tripper and water tanker or manually for
small project
Construction steps:
 Laying layer by layer
 Grading each layer
 Attaining desired density before next layer is placed
 The thickness of the layers may vary between
10 to 30 cm depending on various factors such as soil type,
equipment, specifications etc.
Quality Control
 Checking of suitability of filling material
 Checking of field moisture and dry density of each layer (>
93 % for below and > 95% for above)
 Proper finishing of formation slope as per design
E/W in Excavation
 In the process of cutting or loosening and removing
earth including rock from its original position,
transporting and dumping it as a fill or spoil bank.
 Also includes excavation for side drains
 Earth excavation work may be divided as excavation or
cutting, grading and compaction.
 Design Elements
 Depth,
 Stability of foundation,
 Stability of slopes,
 Accommodation of road side drain
• Equipment
 Grader, roller, tipper and water tanker

Construction Steps
Excavation
Grading of sub-grade layer
Compaction with roller
•
Quality Control
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Fixing reference pegs
Checking field moisture and dry density
Proper finishing of formation slopes
 Field Control of compaction
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
Measurement of moisture content
Measurement of max. dry density corresponding to
optimum moisture content
Planning of E/W
 Mass haul Diagram
 Earthwork for a highway project involves cuts and fills.
 The most balanced design is one which utilizes the cut
volumes in the adjacent fills.
 This is achieved by a mass haul diagram which is a
graphical representation of amount of cut and the fill
and the manner in which the earth is to be hauled from
cut to fill.
Planning of E/W
 Mass haul Diagram
 The ordinate at any station along the MHD indicates the
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earthwork quantity accumulated up to that point, and is the
summation of the differences between cut and fill.
The maximum (+) ordinate indicates a change from cut to
fill (D) and the minimum (-) ordinate indicates from fill to
cut (A and G).
Upward sloping curves indicate (rising left to right) indicate
a cut
Downward sloping (falling left to right) curves occur in a fill
section
peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and valleys occur
when the earthwork changes from fill to cut
 If the curve has steep slope it indicates heavy cuts or high
fills. Flat slopes indicate small earthwork quantities.
 The balance point is defined as a point where the volume
in excavation balances the volume in embankment.
 Any line drawn parallel to the base line and intersecting
two points within the same curve indicates a balance of
cut and fill between these two points ( C and D). Such a
line (HJ) is called a balancing line.
 Haul: it has dual meaning. Distance over which material is
moved and also the volume distance of material used.
 Free haul: The certain amount of haulage is included in the
earthwork rate itself and the contractor is expected to carry
earth over this haulage within his quoted rate.
 Over haul: the haulage over the free haul distance paid for
extra rate called over haul.
 Economic over haul: the economic over haul distance can
be determined by equating the cost of roadway excavation
plus overhaul and tipping in embankment with the cost of
borrow pit material plus excavation, haul and wasting of
roadway material within the free haul distance
a= cost of roadway excavation per cu. m.
b= cost of overhaul and tipping per cu. m.
c = cost of borrow material per cu. M.
L= economic overhaul distance in stations
a+bxL=c+a
L= c/b
Thank you