Muscular Anatomy
Overview of Major Muscles
Neuromuscular Junction
Axon
Neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (Ach)
Sarcolemma
Axon Terminal
Synaptic Cleft
Receptor
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The Motor Unit
Dendrites
Neuron cell body
Axon hillock
Motor neuron
Direction of action
potential
Myelin sheath
Neurolemma
Neuromuscular junction
Terminal branches
Motor end plate
Muscle
fibres
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The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 Muscle fibre looking outward:
 Perimysium
 Binds muscle fibres together
 Epimysium
Muscle fibre
Perimysium
 Sheath enveloping entire muscle
 Muscle fibre looking inward:
 Endomysium
Epimysium
 Sheath of connective tissue
surrounding muscle fibre
 Sarcolemma
 Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
 Myofibrils
 Contain actin and myosin
 Sarcomeres
 Contains myosin and actin
Endomysium
Muscle belly
Tendon
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Muscle Fibre
Epimysium
Perimysium
Sarcomere
Z line
Z line
Muscle belly
Tendon
Muscle
Fibre
Thick filament
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibril
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Thin filament
The Sliding Filament Theory
 Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend
to the thin filaments)
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The Sliding Filament Theory
 Myosin crossbridges
 Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession
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The Sliding Filament Theory
 Myosin crossbridges
 Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
 Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
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Muscles of the Abdomen
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Quadratus lumborum (deep)
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Muscles of the Shoulder
Clavicular head of
pectoralis major
Sterncostal head
of pectoralis major
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Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’d
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
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Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
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Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d
Subscapularis
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Muscles that Act on the Scapula
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Teres major
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Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d
Teres major
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Muscles that Move the Humerus
Deltoid (anterior and lateral
heads)
Coracobrachialis
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Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior
Triceps brachii
(short head)
Triceps brachii
(long head)
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Muscles of the Forearm – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Pronator
quadratus (deep)
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Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior
Triceps brachii
(lateral head)
Brachioradialis
Anconeus
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Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)
Supinator
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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digit minimi
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Muscles of the Hip – Anterior
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Iliotibial tract (band)
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Muscles of the Hip – Posterior
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus
maximus (cut)
Gracilis
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Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)
Pectineus
(cut)
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
longus
Adductor
group
Adductor
magnus
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Muscles of the Thigh – Anterior
Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Quadriceps
femoris group
(underneath)
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
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Muscles of the Thigh – Posterior
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Hamstring
muscle group
Semimembranosus
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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis
longus
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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior
Gastrocnemius
(medial and lateral
heads)
Soleus
Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum
longus
Fibularis
(Peroneus) longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis
(Peroneus) brevis
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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial
Flexor digitorum
brevis
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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate
Quadratus plantae
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