North Florida FSDO Instructor Professionalism CFI Special Emphasis Program Training Accident Statistics Risk Management Teaching Judgment Presented to: Designated Pilot Examiners By: Dennis H. Whitley, FAASTeam Date: January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com Federal Aviation Administration Professional A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialized set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors, engineers, lawyers, architects and commissioned military officers. Today, the term is applied to nurses, accountants, educators, scientists, technology experts, social workers, artists, DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 2 Professional A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialized set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors, engineers, lawyers, architects and commissioned military officers. Today, the term is applied to nurses, accountants, educators, scientists, technology experts, social workers, artists, And - Flight Instructors !!! DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3 Professional A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialized set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors, engineers, lawyers, architects and commissioned military officers. Today, the term is applied to nurses, accountants, educators, scientists, technology experts, social workers, artists, And - Designated Pilot Examiners DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 4 Attitude Indicators DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 5 Attitude Indicators DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 6 Attitude Indicators DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 7 Attitude Indicators DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 8 Attitude Indicators Professional Not So Pro DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9 Types of Flight Instructors KXXX KXYZ KTPF 141/142 Backyard / Restaurant Instruction Good Old Boy Flying Ranch Flight Inc. Pro Flight Corp. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 10 Types of Flight Environments Wimauma KTPF-KLAL KVDF-KPDK KTPA-KATL C-140 C-172 KA-200 B737 VFR Weekends VFR Week days LO or HI Airways RNP DP DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 11 Flight Instructor Special Emphasis Program The North Florida FSDOs have oversight responsibility for the largest volume of flight training and pilot certification activity within the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 12 Florida FSDO Borders Alabama FSDO SO09 North Florida FSDO SO15 & SO35 South Florida FSDO SO19 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 13 Tampa – 33617 - 25NM Radius= 8081 Pilots North Florida FSDO SO35 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 14 Tampa – 33617 - 25NM Radius= 1684 Inst. North Florida FSDO SO35 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 15 How many pilot certificates were issued in the North Florida Area last year? ? DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 16 How many pilot certificates were issued in the North Florida Area last year? 16,700 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 17 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM In response to a high number of aircraft accidents and incidents involving flight training aircraft, the Orlando and Tampa FSDO along with the FAA Safety Program Managers initiated the first Flight Instructor Special Emphasis Program on September 1, 1998. This program has evolved into one of the most important activities conducted by the FAA Safety Team or FAASTeam in the North Florida FSDO area of responsibility. This has become a model for similar CFI programs across the country. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 18 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM Designed to provide more direct and focused FAA involvement with the Flight Training Community. • Accomplished in a positive, educationally oriented manner. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 19 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM Program Goals Improve the quality of flight training within the flight schools Increase awareness among flight instructors of their instructional responsibilities Reduce the number of flight training accidents and incidents DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 20 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM Core Elements of Program Initial Flight Instructor Certification Flight Training Accident & Incident Investigations Bi-weekly CFI/DPE Special Emphasis Meetings Pilot Examiner Oversight Part 141 Pilot School Oversight DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 21 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM Requirements for renewal of Certificate. • 8 Modules consisting of FAA specific Certified Core Topics • Each module 3 hours in duration • 24 months to complete modules DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 22 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM Requirements for renewal of Certificate. • Registered on FAASafety.gov and initialed attendance sheet • Your attendance record signed by Facilitator • Test sheet signed by Facilitator DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 23 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM • Module #7 Wednesday-Jun 30th 2010 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 13 - Effective Teaching – Core Topic 14 – Industry training Standards • Module #8 Wednesday-Sep. 29th 2010 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 15 - Runway Incursions • Module #1 Wednesday-Dec. 29th 2010 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 1 - The FAA Safety Team – Core Topic 2 - Pilot Proficiency Wings Program • Module #2 Wednesday-Mar 30th 2011 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 3 - Technically Advanced Aircraft – Core Topic 4 - GPS Navigation DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 24 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM • Module #3 Wednesday-Jun. 29th 2011 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 5 - IACRA – Core Topic 6 – Sport Pilot • Module #4 Wednesday-Sep. 28th 2011 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 7 - TSA – Core Topic 8 – Security related Special Use Airspace • Module #5 Wednesday-Dec. 28th 2011 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 9 - Safety trends in GA – Core Topic 10 - Risk Management • Module #6 Wednesday-Mar. 28th 2012 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM – Core Topic 11 - Takeoff / Ldg / Low Altitude maneuvering – Core Topic 12 – Aircraft Operational Limitations DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 25 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) Support “CFI / DPE Special Emphasis Program” Meetings Web Site: FAASafety.gov LAL FAA Safety Center Presentations Web Site: http://www.faa.gov/fsdo/orl FAASTeam CFI Workshop National Program Web Site: http://www.faa.gov/tv DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 26 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM The Program has demonstrated that a PARTNERSHIP between the FAA and the Flight Training Community can ACHIEVE REMARKABLE RESULTS DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 27 Accident & Incident Analysis The Orlando and Tampa FSDO has carefully analyzed 386 flight training accidents & incidents occurring within the district since the beginning of FY 1999 to determine: • Causal Factors • Trends • Training Deficiencies DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 28 ORLANDO FSDO ACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARY FLIGHT TRAINING ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTS 1998 60 1999 38 2000 24 2001 28 2002 22 2003 18 2004 12 2005 18 2006 25 2007 30 2008 44 2009 24 2010 32 2011 33 2012 17 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 29 FY 2007 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI COLLISION ON GND GO AROUND (single eng.) HELO HOVER HELO SLOPE LND HELO AUTOROTATION WAKE TURBULENCE FUEL EXHAUSTION HARD LANDING (180 accu. lnd.) GEAR-UP LANDING (loss of control) SOLO STUDENT 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 1 14 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 30 FY 2008 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI COLLISION ON GND TAKEOFF HARD LANDING GEAR-UP GEAR DOWN WATER LANDING HELO HARD LANDING HELO AUTOROTATION HELO GROUND VIBRATION UNLATCHED CANOPY / DOOR SR-20 BRAKE FIRE WATER IN FUEL LANDING (loss of control) 1 SOLO STUDENT 3 3 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 1 1 1 19 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 31 FY 2009 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI COLLISION ON GND HARD LANDING GEAR-UP HELO (dynamic rollover) HELO (hard landing) FUEL EXHAUSTION STALL / SPIN TAKEOFF (loss of control) GLIDER (off airport landing) LANDING (loss of control) 1 3 6 SOLO STUDENT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 5 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 32 FY 2010 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI COLLISION ON GND HELO (hard landing) FUEL MISMANAGEMENT GEAR-UP TAKEOFF (loss of control) LANDING (loss of control) SOLO STUDENT 1 3 1 4 6 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 1 1 15 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 33 FY 2011 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI COLLISION ON GND STALL / SPIN FUEL EXHAUSTION HELICOPTER AUTOROTATION HELICOPTER GRASS FIRE GEAR-UP LANDING (loss of control) SOLO STUDENT 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 20 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 34 FY 2012 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI COLLISION ON GND HELICOPTER HARD LANDING HELICOPTER DYNAM. ROLL. GEAR-UP ENGINE FIRE HARD LANDING ABORTED TAKEOFF LANDING (loss of control) 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 SOLO STUDENT 1 1 2 4 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 35 Major Contributor to 2012 Event Reduction Less Student Pilot Loss of Control During Landing Events Year Total Events 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 30 44 24 32 33 17 Student L.O.C. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 14 19 5 15 20 4 Ratio 47 % 43 % 21 % 47 % 61 % 24 % Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 36 Other Major Contributors to ORL – TPA Flight Training Accidents & Incidents Student & CFI hard landings, gear-ups, & loss of control Year Total Events 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 30 44 24 32 33 17 4 Landing Events DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 20 30 16 25 27 9 4 Ratio 67 % 68 % 67 % 78 % 82 % 52 % 100 % Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 37 FY 2013 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI GEAR-UP HARD LANDING * during practical test LANDING (loss of control) SOLO STUDENT 1 1* 0 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 2 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 38 Orlando - Tampa FSDO Efforts Orlando and Tampa FSDO Inspectors, Pilot Examiners, and Pilot Schools have worked diligently to achieve a reduction in the number of landing accidents and incidents occurring during flight training within the District. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 39 Examiner Responsibilities Examiner Special Emphasis Initiatives • Place increased emphasis upon landings and goarounds during practical tests at all certificate levels. • Place significant emphasis upon proper instructional techniques and demonstration of landings and goarounds during flight instructor practical tests. • Develop scenario based questions applicable to flight instructor responsibilities associated with supervising student solo flights. • Test flight instructor “student error” intervention. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 40 Pilot School Responsibilities Pilot School Special Emphasis Initiatives • • • • Pre-solo stage checks by senior instructors Additional supervised solo operations Enhanced dual cross-country training Supervised solo at cross-country destinations DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 41 Flight Instructor /Student Solo Responsibilities If a student cannot perform the “Solo Checklist ” functions without guidance or assistance from the flight instructor, then the student is not ready to solo DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 42 Examiner Responsibility If an applicant cannot perform the functions of the “Solo Checklist ” during a practical test, then the applicant fails the test. All 10 items on the “Solo Checklist” are supported by the applicable PTS and Airplane Flying Handbook DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 43 Opportunities for Improvement Examiner Special Emphasis Initiatives • Place increased emphasis upon landings and gear operation during practical tests at all certificate levels. • Place significant emphasis upon proper instructional techniques and demonstration of landings and gear operations during flight instructor practical tests. • Develop scenario based questions applicable to landing gear system malfunctions. • Test flight instructor “student error” intervention associated with landings and landing gear operations. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 44 Flight Instructor / Student SOLO Responsibilities In order to solo, a student must be able to: • • • • • • • • • • Make competent go / no-go decisions for every flight Determine the location of all other traffic while in the pattern Establish and maintain a stabilized approach Determine wind direction and make proper control inputs Manage energy so landings occur at the touchdown point Land with and maintain proper pitch attitude Keep the longitudinal axis parallel to and over the centerline Keep the centerline between the main wheels during landing Correctly respond to any abnormality or emergency Communicate properly & effectively with other traffic or ATC DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 45 Additional Examiner Responsibilities Identify Training Deficiencies Observe applicant’s seat position Eye Level Position of Feet on Rudders Observe touchdown control movements Proper Aileron Input for Crosswind Elevator “Follow-through” Automobile Driving “Negative Transfer” DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 46 Identify Training Deficiencies “The eye can’t see what the mind does not know” De-brief all Applicants and their Recommending Flight Instructors regarding Training Deficiencies DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 47 Other Major Contributors to ORL – TPA FSDO Flight Training Accidents & Incidents Discussion focused on Student Loss of Control during Landing Rollout Add to discussion Student Solo or CFI with Student HARD LANDINGS GEAR-UPS DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 48 Opportunities for Improvement Group Discussion Recommendations More PINK DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 49 Opportunities for Improvement More Notices of Disapproval DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 50 Opportunities for Improvement Only 25 % of practical tests conducted by Orlando FSDO DPEs are failed due to unsatisfactory landing tasks Discontinuity Strictly apply PTS, “Solo Checklist”, and Airplane Flying Handbook guidelines DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 51 Opportunities for Improvement Think PINK DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 52 Risk Management: A Definition The part of the decisionmaking process that relies on • Situational awareness • Problem recognition, and • Good judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 53 Teaching Risk Management • Identifying hazards • Assessing risk • Understanding its time-critical nature • Including riskmanagement controls in training DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 54 Teaching Judgment We’re trying to answer the enduring questions: • “Can you teach judgment?” • “If yes, how?” DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 55 Risk Management Before you make decisions, you must: 1. Identify risk factors (hazards) 2. Assess their likelihood 3. Evaluate their severity DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 56 Defining Terms: Hazard • A present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident. • Is it a source of danger? DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 57 Defining Terms: Risk The future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated. 1. Future uncertainty created by the hazard. 2. If it involves skill sets, the same situation may yield different risks. 3. Could also be described as the “degree of uncertainty.” DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 58 Types of Risk • Total Risk: The sum of identified and unidentified risks. • Identified Risk: Risk that has been determined. • Unidentified Risk: Often identified only after an accident. • Unacceptable Risk: Can’t be tolerated. Must be eliminated or controlled. • Acceptable Risk: Identified but managed. • Residual Risk: Remains after mitigation attempts. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 59 Risk Management • The method used to control, eliminate, or reduce hazards. • Unique to each individual based on skills, knowledge, training, and experience. • A decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess risk, and determine the best course of action. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 60 Risk Assessment 3 SM visibility—is it a risk? • • • • For a student pilot? 100 hr VFR-only private pilot? 500 hr IFR pilot flying in the mountains 1,000 hr IFR pilot with 5 hr experience in a glass cockpit? • 1,500 hr ATP pilot flying in busy airspace? Photo AOPA Gallery DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 61 A Simple Test Ask three basic questions: • Is it legal? • Is it safe? • Does it make sense? DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 62 FITS Website DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 63 I’M SAFE Checklist DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 64 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5 Risk Management Questions? Comments? Ideas? Quiz time DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 65 Risk Management Question #1 Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 66 Risk Management Question #2 Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False? DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 67 Risk Management Question #3 Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident? DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 68 Risk Management Question #4 An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the model? a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answers follow ~ DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 69 Risk Management Question #1 Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome Answer ~ b) Macho – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 70 Risk Management Question #2 Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False? Answer ~ True – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 71 Risk Management Question #3 Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident? Answer ~ “Hazard” – Risk Management Handbook DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 72 Risk Management Question #4 An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the model? a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answer ~ a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from www.avhf.com 73