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Rivier College
CS575: Advanced LANs
ATM Technology: Introduction
CS575
ATM Technology: Introduction
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Table of Contents
Section 1 Introduction
Section 2 ATM Layers and Protocol
2.1 Physical Layer
Table
2.2 ATM Layer
of
Contents
2.3 ATM Adaptation Layer
Section 3 Traffic Management
Section 4 Signaling and Addressing
Section 5 Private-Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI)
Section 6 ATM LAN Emulation
Section 7 IP Over ATM
Section 8 Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA)
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Section 1: ATM Technology Overview
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Background
B-ISDN Services
What is ATM?
Why ATM?
How Does ATM work?
ATM Networks
ATM Interfaces
ATM and Legacy Networks
ATM Switches and Edge Devices
B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model
ATM Standards Organizations
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Background
0 1984: ITU-T (CCITT) developed standards for ISDN
0 Types of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) channels
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Background (continued)
0 Two types of interfaces were specified:
- Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D 144 Kbps (192 Kbps
Interface structure gross bit rate)
- Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 23B+D/30B+D 1.536/1.984 Mbps
(1.544/2.048 Mbps gross bit rate)
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Background (continued)
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Background (concluded)
0 1985: ITU-T Study Group 13 (formerly the CCITT Study Group
XVIII) began developing standards for Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
0 Objective: Define a B-ISDN transport technology for all types of
traffic (voice, video, image, and data) for broadband services
0 1988: ITU-T selected Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as the
switching and multiplexing technique for the B-ISDN
0 ATM was developed for B-ISDN, but it is also implemented in non-
ISDN environments where very high data rates are required
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B-ISDN Services
B-ISDN Services
Interactive
Services
Conversational
Services
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Messaging
Services
Distribution
Services
Retrieval
Services
Distribution
Services
with user
Control
ATM Technology: Introduction
Distribution
Services
without user
Control
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What is Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?
0 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a connection-oriented, high-speed,
low-delay switching and transmission technology that uses short and fixedsize packets, called cells, to transport information.
5 octets
48 octets
Header
Information
53 octets
0 Using the cell switching technique, ATM combines the benefits of both
circuit switching (low and constant delay, guaranteed capacity) and packet
switching (flexibility, efficiency for bursty traffic) to support the
transmission of multimedia traffic such as voice, video, image, and data
over the same network.
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Why ATM?
0 International standard-based technology (for interoperability)
0 Low network latency (for voice, video, and real-time applications)
0 Low variance of delay (for voice and video transmission)
0 Guaranteed quality of service
0 High capacity switching (multi-giga bits per second)
0 Bandwidth flexibility (dynamically assigned to users)
0 Scalability (capacity may be increased on demand)
0 Medium not shared for ATM LAN (no degradation in performance as
traffic load or number of users increases)
0 Supports a wide range of user access speeds
0 Appropriate (seamless integration) for LANs, MANs, and WANs
0 Supports audio, video, imagery, and data traffic (for integrated services)
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How Does ATM Work?
User Applications
User Applications
Voice Video
Voice Video
Data
BISDN
Services
Data
BISDN
Services
Reassembly
Segmentation
Demultiplexing
Multiplexing
Workstation
Workstation
H
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ATM Network
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ATM Technology: Introduction
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How Does ATM Work? (concluded)
0 ATM is connection-oriented -- an end-to-end connection must be
established and routing tables setup prior to cell transmission
0 Once a connection is established, the ATM network will provide
end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) to the end users
0 All traffic, whether voice, video, image, or data is divided into 53-
octet cells and routed in sequence across the ATM network
0 Routing information is carried in the header of each cell
0 Routing decisions and switching are performed by hardware in
ATM switches
0 Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image, or data at the
destination
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ATM Networks
0 Public ATM Network:
- Provided by public telecommunications carriers (e.g., AT&T,
MCI WorldCom, and Sprint)
- Interconnects private ATM networks
- Interconnects remote non-ATM LANs
- Interconnects individual users
0 Private ATM Network:
- Owned by private organizations
- Interconnects low speed/shared medium LANs (e.g., Ethernet,
Token Ring, FDDI) as a backbone network
- Interconnects individual users as the front-end LAN for high
performance or multimedia applications
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ATM Interfaces
Private
UNI
Public
UNI
P-NNI
Private
ATM WAN
Public
ATM Network
B-ICI
Private
ATM LAN
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Public
ATM Network
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ATM and Legacy Networks
File
Server
FDDI
Voice
Ethernet
Edge
Switch
Video
PBX
Private
ATM
Network
FDDI
Private
ATM
Switch
Ethernet
Token
Ring
Edge
Switch
Edge
Switch
Edge
Switch
Mainframe
Computer
Video
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Mainframe
Computer
Public
ATM Network
Ethernet
Token
Ring
Video
ATM Technology: Introduction
PBX
FDDI
Voice
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ATM Switches and Edge Devices
0 ATM Switches
- ATM LAN switches
- ATM Backbone switches
- ATM WAN switches
- ATM Central Office switches
0 ATM Edge Devices
- ATM capable routers
- ATM capable switches
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Examples of ATM Workgroup Switches
Marconi LE-155
ATM Workgroup Switch
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Cisco Systems LS-1010
ATM Workgroup Switch
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Examples of ATM Backbone Switches
Marconi ASX-200
ATM Backbone Switch
Marconi ASX-4000
ATM Backbone Switch
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Marconi ASX-1000
ATM Backbone Switch
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Examples of ATM WAN Switches
Cisco Systems
Catalyst 8500 Multiservice
Switch Router
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Lucent GX 550
ATM Switch
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Examples of ATM Edge Devices
Cisco Systems
Catalyst 5500 Switch
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Marconi ES-3810
10/100 Ethernet Switch
ATM Technology: Introduction
Marconi ESX-3000
Campus Switch
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B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model
Source: Stallings: Data and Computer Communications
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Appendix: B-ISDN Services
0 Retrieval Services
- Video retrieval service
= Entertainment
= Remote education and training
- High-resolution image retrieval service
= Entertainment
= Remote education and training
= Professional image communications
= Medical image communications
- Document retrieval service
= Mixed documents containing text, graphics, still and moving picture
information, and voice annotations from archives or information
centers
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B-ISDN Services (continued)
0 Messaging services
- Video mail service for the transfer of moving pictures and
accompanying sound
- Document mail service for mixed documents containing text, graphics,
still and moving picture information, as well as voice annotations
0 Conversational services
- Broadband videotelephony for the transfer of voice (sound), moving
pictures, and video scanned still images and documents between two
locations for
= Tele-education
= Tele-shopping
= Tele-advertising
- Broadband videoconference
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B-ISDN Services (concluded)
0 Distribution services without user control
- Document distribution
= Electronic newspaper
= Electronic publishing
- Video distribution service
= TV program distribution
= HDTV program distribution
= Pay-per-view TV program distribution
0 Distribution services with user control
- Video broadcast for
= Remote education and training
= News retrieval
= Video-on-demand
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B-ISDN/ATM Standardization
0 ITU-T
- ITU-T is the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- It is the new name for CCITT
- It is in charge of setting network standards for public
telecommunications
- The ITU-T functions are carried out through study groups
- Study Group 13 is responsible for setting standards (“I”, “Q”, and “F”
Series Recommendations) for B-ISDN
0 ATM Forum (ATMF)
- An international non-profit organization formed in September 1991
- Since then, it has expanded to include more than 750 voting members
from ATM equipment vendors, service providers, carriers, and users
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B-ISDN/ATM Standardization (concluded)
- Objective: To accelerate the use of ATM products and services through
interoperability specifications
- The ATM Forum has a technical committee which works with other
standards bodies such as ITU-T and ANSI to recommend new standards
as well as to resolve any standards issues
- The Technical Committee consists of a number of working groups to
investigate different areas of ATM technologies
- Working groups are responsible for producing technical specifications
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References
W. Stalling, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 6th edition,
Prentice Hall, 2000, Chapter 11
W. Stalling, Data and Computer Communications, 6th edition,
Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapters 11-12
A. Wu, Advanced Local Area Networks, Lectures & Slides, Rivier
College, 2001.
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