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Vicki Hughes
CHAPTER 4: SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES
Body membranes
1. cover surfaces
2. line body cavities
3. protect organs
Two groups:
1. Epithelial membranes
2. Connective tissue
membranes
Assignments for CH 4:
OL Chapter Practice Test
TXT 23, 24, 25, 29
Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous Membrane = skin (dry membrane)
agedcare.com.au
111
Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial Membranes (cont.)
Mucous Membranes = rests on
lamina propria (loose connective
tissue membrane)
> lines all body cavities
that are open to
the exterior
> wet membranes
> some secrete mucus
lamina propria
Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial Membranes (cont.)
Serous Membranes = rests on
thin layer of areolar connective
tissue
> lines all body cavities that are
closed to the exterior
> wet membranes
Classification of Body Membranes
> occur in paired layers
Parie = wall
parietal layer = line wall of ventral body cavity
visceral layer = folds in on itself to cover outside of organs.
Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial / Serous Membranes (cont.)
Quickie: Balloon and Fist
 separated by serous fluid allows organs to slide
 peritoneum = lines abdominal cavity and organs
pleura = surrounds lungs
pericardium = surrounds heart
Pleurisy is a condition in
which the fluid between
the plural membranes
becomes flooded.
Pleural Effusion occurs when
the fluid presses on the lung
effects a reduction of air
space.
Classification of Body Membranes
Connective Tissue Membranes
Synovial Membranes = line fibrous capsules around joints
> provides smooth surface for movement
> secretes lubricating fluid
> line bursae (connective tissue sacs)
> line tendon sheaths (coverings on tendons)
Fluid on the knee
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Integumentary System:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Skin = cutaneous membrane
Sweat and Oil glands
Hairs
Nails
Primary Function:
Protection
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Functions of the Skin:
Sweat
Protects Deeper Tissues from:
mechanical damage
chemical damage
bacterial damage
UV radiation
thermal damage
desiccation
Aids in body heat regulation.
Aids in excretion of urea and
uric acid.
Synthesizes vitamin D.
Skin bacteria
Chemical burn from lime
powder at a construction site.
Bruises
Urea is nature’s lotion.
Vitamin D
UV Radiation
Frostbite
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
114
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Amazing Skin Facts:
• About 19 million skin cells per inch
• Your body gets rid of 30,000 to 40,000 old skin cells every
day!
• The skin you see now will be gone in about a month.
• The top 18 to 23 layers are dead cells.
• New skin cells form at the bottom of the epidermis
• Skin cells change shape. They start off kind of fat and square. Over
time, they move to the top of the epidermis, flattening out as they go. When they
get to the top, they flake off.
• In 1 inch of skin, you have about:
650 sweat glands
20 blood vessels
60,000 melanocytes
1,000 or more nerve endings
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Skin Color Factors:
Melano = black
Cyan = blue
1. Amount and kind of melanin in the epidermis.
(yellow, reddish brown, or black)
Melanin = pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown
to black. Produced by specialized cells called melanocytes.
2. Amount of carotene.
3. Amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood.
cyanosis = skin appears blue due to low O2 in hemoglobin.
4. Emotional stimuli.
5. Damage to skin (bruises, burns, scars, etc.)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Tanning – occurs when sunlight stimulates
melanocytes to produce more melanin.
Freckles & Moles – spots where
melanin is concentrated
Sunburn: http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/animations/sunburn.htm
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
The natural resurfacing of skin
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/animations/skin-resurfacing.htm
The skin and aging
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/animations/skin-aging.htm
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Seb = grease
1. Sebaceous (oil) Glands
(glands are very active during adolescence)
Secrete sebum (oils and fragmented cells)
keeps skin moist and lubricated
secretes bacteria-killing chemicals
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Whitehead = occurs when a sebaceous gland becomes
blocked by sebum.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Blackhead = occurs when a the material in a whitehead
oxidizes and dries.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Acne = an active infection of the sebaceous glands
accompanied by pimples on the skin
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Sweat Glands
Over 2.5 million per person
Eccrine = produce sweat
(mostly water with salts)
Sweat is acidic (pH 4-6)
Active in heat regulation
Apocrine = in axillary and
genital areas
includes fatty acids and
proteins
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Hair and Hair Follicles
Only remnants of usefulness:
slight protection
Root = enclosed by follicle
> Shaft = what you see”
> Hair bulb matrix = base
where growth occurs
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Hair and Hair Follicles
Arrector pili = connects hair
follicle to dermal tissue
“chill bumps”
Chill bumps – run your finger
tip along your side under your
arm to your waist.
(Refer to TXT pg 122 Fig 4.8)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Appendages of the Skin
Nails
Scale like modification of
epidermis corresponding to
hooves and claws.
Refer to TXT pg 124 Fig 4.10
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Foreign Objects on the Skin
Mites
Bacteria
Fungus
Ticks
Demodex
Candida albicans
Lice
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Skin Damage:
Bedsores
(decubitus ulcers)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Skin peels off.
Genetic disease.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
Burns = tissue damage and
cell death caused by intense
heat, electricity, UV
radiation, or chemicals.
Infection is the leading
cause of death in burn
victims.
Burns are sterile for about
24 hours only.
Immune system depressed
within 1 or 2 days.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR
=1&v=S_lkSYrVCdY
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
The Rule of Nines = how to
determine extent of damage
due to burns
Divides body into 11 areas
each accounting for 9% of
the total body surface plus
the genital area (1%)
125
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
The Rule of Nines for Infants
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Using the Rule of Nines
Burns are critical if:
1. Over 25% of body has 2nd degree burns.
2. Over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns.
3. 3rd degree burns on face, hands or feet.
Facial burns – swelling air passages
Hands/Feet burns – scar tissue can limit mobility.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
1st Degree Burn (partial thickness)
only epidermis is damaged
redness and swelling
regeneration possible
Ex. sunburn
Sunburn: http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/animations/sunburn.htm
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Burns 2nd Degree (partial thickness)
injury to epidermis and
upper dermis
redness with blisters
regeneration possible
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Burns 3rd Degree (full thickness)
• destroy entire thickness of skin
• appears blanched or blackened
• nerve endings destroyed
• regeneration not possible
• skin grafting required
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Synthetic Skin
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
Skin Cancer
Most skin tumors are
benign.
Most common type of
cancer.
Most important risk: UV
radiation
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Least malignant
Most common
Slow growing
Most often on face
Appear as shiny, domeshaped nodules with a
“pearly” edge
Usually cured
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Scaly, red papule (small round
bump)
Gradually forms shallow ulcer
Firm raised border
Most often on scalp, ears, hands,
lower lip
Grows rapidly
Metastasizes to lymph nodes
If caught early, cure rate is good
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
Malignant Melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes
5% of skin cancers
Often deadly
Appears anywhere on body
Some develop from moles
Starts as spreading brown/black patch
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph & blood vessels
Chance of survival 50%
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
ABCD Rule
Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry – is it irregularly shaped?
Border – are the borders indented?
Color – does it have multiple colors?
(reds, browns, blacks, tans, etc.)
Diameter – is it larger than 6 mm in size?
(6 mm is size of pencil eraser)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
ABCD Rule
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry – is it irregularly shaped?
Border – are the borders indented?
Color – does it have multiple colors?
(reds, browns, blacks, tans, etc.)
Diameter – is it larger than 6 mm in size?
(6 mm is size of pencil eraser)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
ABCD Rule
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry – is it irregularly shaped?
Border – are the borders indented?
Color – does it have multiple colors?
(reds, browns, blacks, tans, etc.)
Diameter – is it larger than 6 mm in size?
(6 mm is size of pencil eraser)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
ABCD Rule
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry – is it irregularly shaped?
Border – are the borders indented?
Color – does it have multiple colors?
(reds, browns, blacks, tans, etc.)
Diameter – is it larger than 6 mm in size?
(6 mm is size of pencil eraser)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)
How Sunscreen Works
How Sunscreen Works 2:37
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC-d9ZsnLds
Treeman’s Disease
HPV and Immunodeficiency
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbM1pkc5Vns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTq7_vDe1Vw
Riddle:
You are sitting in your living room,
in your house with an all southern
view when suddenly you see a
bear walk by!
What kind of bear was it?
I’m tanning.
Any Questions?