Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Removable Media Chapter 13 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Overview Fourth Edition • In this chapter, you will learn how to – Explain and install floppy disk drives – Demonstrate the variations among flash drives and other tiny drives – Identify and install optical-media technology – Troubleshoot removable media © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Removable Media Toolbox Fourth Edition Figure 1: Author’s toolbox © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs What Is Removable Media? Fourth Edition • Floppy drives – Traditional floppy • Flash drives – USB thumb drives to flash memory • Optical media – CD-ROMs to DVDs • External drives – Any drive that connects via an external cable © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Floppy Drive Basics © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Floppy Drives Fourth Edition • Floppy disk inserts into floppy drive. • Lit LED indicates data is being read or written to disk. Figure 2: Floppy drive and floppy disk © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs 220-801 Fourth Edition Installing Floppy Drives © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Installing Floppy Drives Fourth Edition • Floppy drives are designated A: or B:. • Floppy drives connect to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable. • Cables that support two floppy drives use a seven-wire twist. Figure 3: Floppy cable for only one drive © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Inserting Ribbon Cables Fourth Edition • Connect Pin 1 on the floppy drive cable to Pin 1 on motherboard. • Pin 1 on the cable has a red stripe. • Many connectors are keyed. • If you reverse one end of the cable, the LED stays on. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Inserting Ribbon Cables (continued) Figure 4: Plugging a floppy cable into a controller, pin 1 labeled at left Figure 5: Floppy controller with notch Figure 6: Cable placement determines the drive letter © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Installing Floppy Drives Fourth Edition • Power – 3½-inch use mini-power connector • CMOS – Usually configured to use 3½ inch, 1.44 MB – Can disable Boot Up Floppy Seek – Can change boot order to boot off floppy Figure 7: Properly installed mini-power connector © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Floppy Drives (continued) Figure 8: CMOS setting for one standard floppy drive Figure 9: CMOS Boot Up Floppy Seek option © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Lab – Installing a Floppy Drive Fourth Edition 1. Connect the data cable. – 34-pin connector to FDD controller on motherboard – 34-pin connector (closest to the twist) to floppy drive 2. Connect the power supply’s mini-connector to the floppy drive. 3. Boot the computer—watch the LED. 4. Turn off the computer. 5. Remove the 34-pin cable on the floppy drive and reinstall the cable backward. – DO NOT reverse the power connection!!!! 6. Reboot the computer—watch the LED. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Flash Memory © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Flash Memory Fourth Edition • Same type of memory used in CMOS • Two different families 1. USB thumb drives 2. Memory cards © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs USB Thumb Drives Fourth Edition • Became a de-facto replacement for floppy disks when transporting data • Also known as jump drive or flash drive • Hot-swappable • Cross-platform compatibility • Can create bootable thumb drives (must change boot order in BIOS to use) Figure 10: USB thumb drives © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Memory or Flash Cards Fourth Edition • Compact Flash (CF) – Use simplified PCMCIA bus – Two sizes: CF I and CF II – Some are actually micro hard drives with platters and heads • SmartMedia – Was competitor to CF – Replaced by Secure Digital Figure 11: CF card © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards (continued) Figure 12: Microdrive Figure 13: SmartMedia © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards (continued) • Secure Digital – – – – Most common today Size of postage stamp SD and SDIO versions Mini and micro forms available – Popular in cell phones Figure 14: SD, MiniSD, and MicroSD cards • Memory Stick – Sony proprietary format – Used in Sony devices that use flash memory Figure 15: Memory Stick © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards (continued) • xD Picture Card – Developed by Olympus (proprietary) – Used almost exclusively in Olympus and Fujifilm digital cameras – Version available in USB housing Figure 16: xD card • Card Reader – Ability to read the different types of memory cards – Available separately – Often installed in PC Figure 17: USB card reader © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Optical Drives © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Optical Media Fourth Edition • Include CD-, DVD-, and BD-media • Generically called optical discs • Drives called optical drives • Include – CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD+RW, HD-DVD, BD, BD-R, BD-RE © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs How CDs Work Fourth Edition • Store data in microscopic pits – – – – Burned in with power laser on glass master Copies made on plastic Covered with reflective metallic coating Data on top under reflective label • Written in “pits” and “lands” – Laser picks up on the reflected pattern of the pits and lands, and drive converts these to ones and zeroes – Standard CD holds ~650 MB – Watch those scratches! Figure 18: Location of the data © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs CD Formats Fourth Edition • CD-Digital Audio (CDDA) – Music CDs • CD-ROM – Added file support and directory structure for PCs – Many different types • ISO-9660 defines CD File System (CDFS) © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 19: Crazy CD formats Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs CD-ROM Speeds Fourth Edition • First CD-ROM had speed of 150 KBps − Painfully slow! • All others multiples of 150 KBps 1× 150 KBps 10× 1500 KBps 40× 6000 KBps 2× 300 KBps 12× 1800 KBps 48× 7200 KBps 3× 450 KBps 16× 2400 KBps 52× 7800 KBps 4× 600 KBps 24× 3600 KBps 60× 9000 KBps 6× 900 KBps 32× 4800 KBps 72× 10800 KBps 8× 1200 KBps 36× 5400 KBps © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs CD-R (CD-Recordable) Fourth Edition • Gave users ability to record or burn CDs • CD-Rs come in two sizes – 74-minute 650 MB – 80-minute 700 MB – Most CD-R burners now support 80-minute CDs • Single-session and multi-session – Single-session data can be added only once – Multi-session enables data to be added multiple times (all modern CD-Rs are multi-session) – Two speeds: write speed and read speed (8×/24×) © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-R (CD-Recordable) (continued) Figure 20: A CD-R disc, with its capacity clearly labeled © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs CD-RW (CD-Rewritable) Fourth Edition • CD-R drives have been replaced by CD-RW (CD-Rewritable) drives – CD-R discs still around (less expensive) – CD-R can be written to only once – CD-RW discs allow data to be written and overwritten Figure 21: CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW discs © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs CD-RW (continued) Fourth Edition • CD Rewritable (CD-RW) works by – Using a laser to heat an amorphous (non-crystalline) substance – When cooled slowly, the areas touched by the laser become crystalline. – The crystalline areas are reflective. – The amorphous areas are not. • Why buy a CD-R drive when a CD-RW drive can write to both CD-R and CD-RW discs? © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs CD-RW (continued) Fourth Edition • CD-RW drive specs have three multiplier values: write, rewrite, read (8 × 4 × 32) • Can use special format called the Universal Data Format (UDF) – Replacement for ISO-9660 – All movie DVDs use this – No Windows support until Vista for writing to UDF-formatted discs (all Windows versions can read) • Required third-party software • UDF supports packet writing, enabling drag and drop—and delete—with CD-RWs © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Windows and CD-media Fourth Edition • All optical drives ATAPI-compliant – Means they plug into ATA controllers • All modern versions of Windows support burning music and data to CD Figure 22: Optical drive in Windows © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Windows and CD-media (continued) Figure 23: Nero optical disc–burning program © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Music CDs Fourth Edition • Different format—Music CD-R – Can record to a Music CD-R or CD-RW – Cannot record from one – Designed to restrict duplication of copyrighted music © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) Fourth Edition • Developed by a consortium of electronics and entertainment firms – Released as digital video discs (DVD) in 1995 – DVD uses smaller pits than CD-media and packs them more densely, creating much higher data capacities – Both single-sided (SS) and dual-sided (DS) formats – Single-layer (SL) and dual-layer (DL) formats DVD Version Capacity Marketing DVD-5 (SS/SL) 4.37 GB 4.70 GB DVD-9 (SS/DL) 7.95 GB 8.54 GB DVD-10 (DS/SL) 8.74 GB 9.40 GB DVD-18 (DS/DL) 15.90 GB 17.08 GB © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) (continued) Figure 24: Typical DVD-video © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs DVD-Video Fourth Edition • DVD-Video can store two+ hours of video on one side – Supports TV-style 4:3 aspect ratio screens as well as 16:9 theater screens • Some producers distribute both on opposite sides of the DVD – Uses MPEG-2 video and audio compression standard • Up to 1280 × 720 at 60 frames per second with CD-quality audio © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs DVD-ROM and Recordable DVD Fourth Edition • DVD-ROM • Recordable DVD – Similar to CD-ROM data format – DVD-R and DVD+R – Can store up to 16 GB of data – DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM – Players support DVD-video and most CD-ROM formats • Can write to them like CD-R • Cannot erase • Can be written to and rewritten to like CD-RW – Combo drives can do all of these—look for DVD Multi on the label – Not all players read all formats © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition DVD-ROM and Recordable DVD (continued) Figure 25: DVD-RAM disc © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Blu-ray Disc Fourth Edition • Larger capacity than CD or DVD – 25 GB single-layer – 50 GB dual-layer • Three types of disc – BD-ROM (read only) – BD-R (recordable) – BD-RE (rewritable) • Most Blu-ray Disc drives read CD and DVD discs Figure 27: A combination CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc drive © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Installing Optical Drives Fourth Edition • Most look the same from a distance – Most also install the same way – Most are SATA and support ATAPI – Typically set up as slave when using PATA Figure 28: CD-RW, DVD, and BD-R drives – Some are SCSI or USB Figure 29: Label on optical drive indicating its type © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives (continued) • Does the drive show up in the System Setup Utility? • Does Windows recognize the optical drive? – Check Device Manager Figure 30: Typical DVD installation © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives (continued) Figure 31: Autodetect settings for two optical drives © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives (continued) Figure 32: DVD drive letter in My Computer © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Configuring Windows Fourth Edition • After installation, XP automatically plays optical discs − You can use the Properties dialog box to change the Autorun properties for a device − Or just hold down the left SHIFT key to bypass AutoPlay after inserting an optical disc © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Configuring Windows (continued) Figure 33: Windows XP prompting user for action Figure 34: AutoPlay tab for a CD-RW drive © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Configuring Windows (continued) Figure 35: Change CD drive letter option in Disk Management © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs AutoPlay in Vista/7 Fourth Edition • More robust implementation • Can select specific actions – What to do with media – Which programs to run • Control Panel | Hardware and Sound © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Applications Fourth Edition • CD-ROM drive installation does not require applications • CD-R and CD-RW require applications for burning capabilities in XP (to a lesser extent) – Nero Burning ROM – Roxio’s Easy Media Creator – CDBurnerXP Pro © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Applications (continued) Fourth Edition • Windows Media Player is capable of burning music to CDs. • Windows Explorer can burn data to your CDs. • To burn videos, you’ll need to use Windows DVD Maker (Vista/7) or a third-party tool in XP. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs ISO Files Fourth Edition • Complete copy of CD or DVD • Can download ISO image and burn to CD – Provides fully functional CD – http://isorecorder.alexfeinman.com/isorecorder.htm • Commonly used to share copies of bootable CDs • Unlike XP and Vista, Windows 7 can burn ISO images © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Blu-ray Disc Drive Issues Fourth Edition • No special hardware needed if just a storage device • Special hardware needed for watching HD movies – Good processor – 1+ GB RAM in XP; 2+ GB RAM in Vista – HDCP-compliant video card • High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection • DVI or HDMI connector – Check CyberLink for the BD Advisor to see if your system measures up © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Removable Media © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Floppy Drive Maintenance Fourth Edition • Floppy drives sometimes fail – Exposure to outside environment and mechanical damage are common causes • Floppy drive cleaning kits can be used to clean drives – Can also use cotton swab with denatured alcohol © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Troubleshooting Optical Drives Fourth Edition • Connectivity problems – Occur if the power connector is not plugged in, cables are inserted incorrectly, or the jumpers have been misconfigured • Disc may be dirty – Don’t believe someone who says optical discs can be cleaned in dishwasher © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Optical Drives (continued) Figure 36: BIOS recognizing an optical drive at boot Figure 37: Optical-drive cleaning kit © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Optical Drives (continued) • Optical-media discs can be easily cleaned using a damp cloth or mild detergent. – Clean from center to edge; do not use a circular motion. • Problems such as stuck discs can be resolved with a paper clip. – Find the small hole on the front of the optical drive. – Insert a small wire (paper clip) in the hole to manually eject the disc from the drive. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Lab – Manually Eject Optical Media 1. Create a universal optical disc ejector (an unfolded paper clip). 2. Find the small hole on the front of the optical drive. 3. Insert the paper clip and feel around for a latch. 4. Push the latch in with the paper clip. 5. Drive will open. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Burning Issues Fourth Edition • Know what it can do – Check out technical documentation before making a purchase. – Type review and the model number in a search engine to get other opinions. • Media issues – Some brands of discs work better in certain brands of optical drives. Try several for your drives. – Media quality is based on speed and inks. • Check for a manufacturer guarantee on speed. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Buffer Underrun Fourth Edition • Most often occurs when copying from optical disc to optical disc – Occurs because the source device can’t keep the burner loaded with data. – Make sure your optical drive has a 2-MB or larger buffer. – Create an image file (one big file on the hard drive) first, because any hard drive can keep up with a CD/DVD/BD burner. – All current CD-RW, DVD, and BD burners have BURN-Proof technology to avoid buffer underruns. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Firmware Updates Fourth Edition • Most drives come with an upgradeable Flash ROM chip. • Check the manufacturer’s Web site for updates. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Beyond A+ Fourth Edition • Color books – The different optical-technology specifications are identified by different colors. – Red, yellow, green, orange, white, blue – Audio CDs use the red book. – Recordable CDs use the orange book. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Beyond A+ (continued) Fourth Edition • BDXL format introduced in June 2010 – Drives capable of reading and writing to the discs didn’t appear until late 2011 • Not compatible with current Blu-ray drives • BDXL discs come in two flavors: – Triple-layer BDXL disc has a capacity of 100 GB – Quadruple-layer disc has a capacity of 128 GB © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved