Latin American and Caribbean
Regional Expert Workshop
on
Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
Buenos Aires, 13 May – 16 June 2005
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA)
Item 1 – Opening
Welcome and introductions:
• CBD – Secretariat
• Government of Argentina:
• Secretary of Environment
• Secretary of Agriculture
• Cancilleria Argentina
• Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria
(INTA)
• Participants
• Training team
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 2
Item 1 – Objectives
• Understand application of the Addis Ababa
Principles of Sustainable Use
• Understanding ecosystem services, including tools
and methods to assess them
• Understanding financial costs and benefits and tools
to assess them
• Assess applicability of Addis Ababa Principles of
Sustainable Use to Agricultural Biodiversity
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 3
Item 2 – Agenda
1. Welcome and introductions
2. Adoption of agenda and mandate
3. Objectives of the workshop
4. Key terms and concepts
5. Overview of Addis Ababa Principles
6. Application of Addis Ababa Principles
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 4
Item 2 – Agenda
6. Ecosystem services assessment
7. Financial costs and benefits
8. Assessment of the workshop
9. Other matters
10. Adoption of workshop report
11. Closing remarks
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 5
Item 2 – Mandate
Decision VII/12 Calls for regional technical expert workshops to
cover:
• Sustainable use
• Ecosystem services assessment
• Financial cost and benefits
Invites Parties to:
• Implement the Addis Ababa Guidelines
• Integrate/Mainstream them in domestic
measures
• Disseminate experiences and lessons learned
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 6
Item 2 – Mandate
Decision VII/12
Invites research on:
• Livelihoods and ecosystem
services
• Indigenous and local
communities and women
• Resilience
• Use of terms
• Management planning
• Transboundary species
• Relationships between
components of biodiversity
• Socio-economic factors
• Monitoring
• Equitable distribution of
benefits
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 7
Item 2 – Mandate
Decision VII/12
• Invites assessment of the applicability of the
Addis Ababa Principles to Agricultural
Biodiversity
• Calls for guidance about the principles and
guideline in relation to the CBD working
programme on Agricultural Biodiversity
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 8
Item 3 – Key terms/concepts
Conceptual framework:
Ecosystem
services sustain
life, biodiversity,
and livelihoods
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 9
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Biodiversity …
The variety and variability of living organisms at the
genetic, species and ecosystem levels and [the]
ecological complexes, of which they are part
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 10
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Biological resources …
Include genetic resources, organisms or parts
thereof, populations, or any other biotic
component of ecosystems with actual or potential
use or value for humanity
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 11
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Agricultural biodiversity …
Includes all components of biological diversity of
relevance to food and agriculture – the variety
and variability of plants, animals and microorganisms at genetic, species and ecosystem
level which are necessary to sustain key funcions
in the agroecosystem, its structures and
processes.
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 12
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Sustainable use …
The use of components of biological diversity that
does not lead to long-term decline of biological
diversity while maintaining the potential to meet
the needs and aspirations of present and future
generations
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 13
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Use …
May be either consumptive or non-consumptive
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 14
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Sustainability …
Is the probability that a use will be sustainable and is
dependent on:
• Maintenance of biological diversity and key
ecological functions, and
• Population(s) of target species remaining above
thresholds needed for long-term viability, and
• The component of biological diversity remaining a
significant resource for people.
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 15
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Ecosystem …
Is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living
environment interacting as a functional unit
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 16
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Ecosystem services …
• Provisioning - food, water, fiber and fuel
• Regulating - climate, water quality,
disease
• Cultural - spiritual, aesthetic, recreation
• Supporting - primary production, soil
formation
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 17
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Adaptive management …
Is a cyclic, learning-oriented approach to the
management of complex environmental systems
that are characterized by high levels of uncertainty
about system processes*
* Based on a definition provided in Jacobson, C. (August 2003) Introduction to adaptive
management. (Online) URL: http://student.lincoln.ac.nz/am-links/am-intro.htm
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 18
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Use regime …
The sum of the activities applied to the
management and use of a geographically
discrete biological resource
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 19
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Resource managers …
Those individuals directly responsible and
accountable for managing a component of
biological diversity for use
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 20
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Assumptions:
• Ecosystems and their components change
• The supply of biological resources is limited
• Biological resources can be used while
maintaining ecological processes, species and
their variability above thresholds for long-term
viability
• Secure delivery of ecosystem services requires
management at the landscape scale
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 21
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Conditions:
• People depend on wild harvests
• Women are often primary users
• “Precaution” is the rule
• Sustainable use policies can protect natural
land/seascapes
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 22
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Factors affecting
sustainability:
• Internal factors
• External factors
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 23
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Sustainable use and the Millennium
Development Goals
• Poverty reduction
• Livelihood security
• Health
• Incentives for conservation of biodiversity
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 24
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Ecosystem Approach
• Biodiversity is considered with economic and
social factors
• Management is integrated
• Social process
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 25
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts
Other relevant CBD initiatives
• 2010 target
• Incentive measures
• Indigenous peoples
• Tourism
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 26
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Regional Case Studies
• Uso sostenible de quanacos en esquemas
mixtos de producción en la estepa
patagónica - Julieta von Thungen, Argentina
• El uso sostenible de loro hablador en la
ecoregion de Argentina – Ricardo Banchs,
Flabio Moscchione, Isabel Barrios; Argentina
• Conservación in situ de amaranto en una
zona representativa los andes meridionales
occidentales – Maria Gloria Quispe Quispe,
Peru
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 27
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
• Discussion points
• Relevance of the Addis Ababa principles to
agricultural biodiversity:
• Do individual principles have more relevance than others?
• Does the relevance vary with the scale/focus of agricultural
biodiversity use?
• If there is relevance how should the principles be applied?
• Relevance of the Ecosystem Approach in the
context of management of agricultural biodiversity
• Relevance of agricultural biodiversity to meeting
the Millennium Development Goals
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 28
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 1: Get the legal framework right
Congruent policies, laws and Institutions
at all levels of government - with links
between them
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 29
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 2. Responsibility with accountability
• Empowerment
• Access rights
• Government oversight
• Monitoring
• Authority
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 30
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 3. Avoid perverse incentives
• Market distortions
• Habitat degradation
• Inequity
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 31
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 4. Use adaptive management
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 32
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 5. Minimize adverse impacts on the
ecosystem
• Management goals and practices
• Understand role of managed resource
• Monitor impact of use
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 33
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 6. Invest in appropriate research
• Applied - to answer management questions
• Interdisciplinary
• Government vs private
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 34
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 7. Get the
scale of use right
• Jurisdictional
• Ecological
• Socio-Economic
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 35
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 8. Seek international cooperation
where necessary
• Shared resources
• Management needs
• Optional approaches to cooperation
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 36
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 9: Use an interdisciplinary and
participatory approach wherever possible
• Government
• Resource managers
• Local stakeholders
• Others
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 37
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
Regional Case Studies
• Necesidead de nuevo paradigm para la
sustentabilidad del uso de los agroecosistemas: el
caso del Chaco - Jorge Adámoli, Argentina
• Ostión del Norte: Northern scallop (Argopecten
purpuratus) at La Rinconada, Antofagasta II
Región de Chile – Leonardo Núñez Montaner, Chile
• Uso sostenible de recursos fitogenéticos:
papa, maiz, poroto en el NOA – Andrea
Clausen, Argentina
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 38
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 10: Know the value of the resource
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 39
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 11: Minimize waste and adverse
environmental impacts
• Incidental take
• Multiple products
• Optimize benefits
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 40
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 12: Ensure equitable distribution of
benefits meet local needs
• Who shares?
• Balancing risks with benefits
• Incentives
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 41
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 13: Management costs should be
covered by income
• Direct costs and opportunity costs
• Benefit flows
• Economic incentives
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 42
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles
Principle 14: Educate people about sustainable
use
• Capacity enhancement
• Communications
• Public awareness
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 43
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
Aligning the principles for action
Policy Related
Support/Service Related
Management Related
No
Principle
1 Provide a legal/policy
framework
2 Delegate responsibility
and accountability
3 Remove perverse
incentives
7 Link jurisdictional
authority to scale of use
8 Where needed, promote
international
cooperation
13 Internalize management
costs
No
Principle
6 Promote/support
interdisciplinary research
10 Economic valuation
14 Provide education on
sustainable use
No
Principle
4 Use adaptive
management
5 Minimize impact on the
ecosystem
9 Take an interdisciplinary
approach
11 Minimize waste
12 Distribute benefits
equitably
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 44
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
Regional Case Studies
• The case of mezcales and corn – Jorge
Larson Guerra, Mexico
• Agricultural biodiversity irradiation centers –
Rubens Onofre Nodari, Brazil
• Conservation of two Bahamian hot pepper
varieties – Kenneth Richardson, Bahamas
• Sustainable use case policy on Cassava:
Manihot eculenta – Rufus Leandre, St Lucia
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 45
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
Sequence of management planning steps
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 46
Que incluye la Biodiversidad Agrícola:
*Extraido de: The Scope of Agricultural Biodiversity, Appendix, CBD-Decision V/5
Agricultural Biological Diversity (www.biodiv.org/decisions/dec=V/5)
A.
Recursos Genéticos para alimentos y agricultura:
Estos constituyen las unidades principales de producción en agricultura, incluyendo
especies cultivadas, especies domesticadas y plantas y animales silvestres
manejados, así como los parientes silvestres de las especies cultivadas y
domesticadas,
-
•
•
Recursos genéticos vegetales cultivados y :
• Pasturas y especies de pastizales naturales
• Recursos genéticos de árboles que son una parte integral
de los sistemas agrícolas
Recursos genéticos animales domésticos y silvestres en
general:
• y recursos genéticos de peces, en casos en que la
producción de peces es parte del sistema productivo
• Recursos genéticos de insectos {invertebrados}
Recursos genéticos de microbios y hongos
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 47
B. Componentes de la diversidad agrícola que brinda servicios
ecológicos tales como:
•
Ciclado de nutrientes, descomposición de la materia orgánica, y
mantenimiento de la fertilidad del suelo
•
Regulación de Plagas y Enfermedades {mantenimiento de relaciones
entre presas y predadores, reguladores de poblaciones, sp. saneadoras
del ambiente, etc.}
•
Polinización (tanto de especies cultivadas como silvestres)
{invertebrados, aves, mamiferos}
•
Mantenimiento y mejoramiento de la fauna silvestre local y los hábitat
en sus paisajes
•
Mantenimiento de los ciclos hidrológicos {coberturas vegetales y
forestales}
•
Control de la Erosión {cobertura y manejo correcto del suelo y la
agricultura},
•
Regulación del clima y del secuestro de carbono {forestacion, uso y
manejo del suelo con siembra directa, conservación de bordes, etc}
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 48
C. Factores Abióticos, que tienen un efecto determinante
sobre los aspectos de la biodiversidad agrícola
{conservación de la calidad del agua, el aire}
D. Dimesiones socio-económicas y culturales, dado que la
biodiversidad agrícola está moldeada en gran parte por las
actividades humanas y las prácticas de manejo. Estas
incluyen:
• Conocimiento tradicional y local de la
biodiversidad agrícola, factores culturales y
procesos participativos.
• Turismo asociado con los paisajes agrícolas
• Otros factores socio-económicos
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 49
Principales amenazas para el uso sostenible de la
biodiversidad agrícola
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Simplificación de ecosistemas y paisajes por deforestación, intensificación y
reemplazo de ambientes debida a la extensificación agrícola, particularmente
basada en monocultivos.
Erosión genética de especies vegetales, animales, y microorganismos por
sobre-uso o alteración de la funcionalidad de los ecosistemas bajo usos
productivos.
Pérdida de interacciones entre organismos lo que afecta procesos biológicos
vitales para el funcionamiento del ecosistema, la dinámica de las poblaciones
(tanto de planta-planta, plantas-microorganismos, plantas-animales, animalesanimales, animales-ecosistema, ecosistema-microorganismos, etc.), así como
los potenciales bienes y servicios para la producción agropecuaria y el
bienestar humano.
Contaminación de suelos, agua, y aire por agroquímicos o residuos ganaderos
Intoxicación y mortandad de especies (plantas y animales) por usos y malos
usos de agroquímicos.
Pérdida de hábitat para la diversidad de organismos que habitan los
agroecosistemas
Erosión de suelos y cambios en condiciones físico-quimico y biológicas que
pueden alterar su resistencia y resiliencia.
Cambio climático
Erosion cultural por perdida de conocimiento ancestral
….otras?
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 50
Objetivos del Programa de Trabajo para la Biodiversidad Agrícola del CDB
http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/agro/programme.asp
• Promover los efectos positivos y mitigar los impactos
negativos de las practicas agrícolas sobre la
diversidad biológica en los agroecosistemas y su
interfase con otros ecosistemas.
• Promover la conservación y el uso sustentable de los
recursos genéticos de valor actual y potencial para la
alimentación y la agricultura, y
• Promover la distribución justa y equitativa de los
beneficios derivados del uso de los recursos
genéticos.
Implementación se hará siguiendo el abordaje
ecosistémico.
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 51
Programa de trabajo para la biodiversidad agrícola del CDB
http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/agro/programme.asp
•
Evaluación: evaluaciones a nivel de los países, sobre el estado y tendencias
de la biodiversidad agrícola, sus causas y el conocimiento para su manejo.
•
Manejo Adaptativo: Identificación y promoción de prácticas de manejo
adaptativo, tecnologías y políticas relacionadas y medidas de incentivos, para
promover impactos positivos y mitigar los negativos de la agricultura sobre la
biodiversidad, y mejorar productividad y capacidad para sostener actividades,
expandiendo el conocimiento, entendiendo y alertando sobre los múltiples
bienes y servicios brindados por los diferentes niveles y funciones de la
biodiversidad agrícola.
•
Creación de Capacidades: Promoción de la participación y fortalecimiento
de capacidades de los productores y otros actores en el manejo sostenible de
la biodiversidad agrícola, incrementar sus beneficios y promover acciones
responsables.
•
Mainstreaming (Promoción/Priorización): Apoyo al desarrollo de planes
nacionales o estrategias para la conservación y uso sostenible de la
biodiversidad agrícola y promover su promoción e integración en programas
y planes de acción sectoriales coordinados e integrados.
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 52
Otros temas transversales abordados por el Programa de trabajo para la biodiversidad
agrícola del CDB
http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/agro/programme.asp
• Tecnologías de restricciones de uso genético (GURTs)
• Iniciativa Internacional para la conservación y uso sostenible de
los polinizadores.
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 53
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
Principles of the Ecosystem Approach
Ecological/Biological
Principles
[Ecosystem managers should] Consider
the effects (actual or potential) of
management activities on adjacent and
other ecosystems (3).
Social Principles
Policy Principles
Management must recognise that change
is inevitable (9).
[Government policies should ensure that]
Objectives of management of land, water
and living resources [can] be established
as a matter of choice (1).
Conservation of ecosystem structure and
functions should be a priority to maintain
ecosystem services (5).
Management should be decentralised to
the lowest appropriate level (2).
Policies, related to management of
ecosystems should be structured to:
(a)Reduce market distortions that
adversely affect biological diversity;
(b)Align incentives to promote biodiversity
conservation and sustainable use; and
(c)Internalise costs and benefits in the
given ecosystem to the extent feasible (4).
Ecosystems must be managed within their
functioning limits of (6).
The ecosystem approach should involve all
relevant sectors of society and scientific
disciplines (12).
Management should be undertaken at the
appropriate spatial and temporal scales (7).
Management objectives should be set for
the long-term to account for lag-effects that
characterise ecosystem processes (8).
Management should take into account all
forms of relevant information, including
scientific, indigenous and local knowledge,
and technological innovations and
practices (11).
Policies promoting the principles of the
ecosystem approach should seek the
appropriate balance between, and
integration of, conservation and use of
biological diversity (10).
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 54
Item 5 – Applying the Principles
• Applying the principles of the Ecosystem Approach
Focus on functional
Relationships & processes
Functional
limits
Ecosystem
lag effect
Effects of
Management
Manage at the
appropriate scale
Enhanced
benefit Sharing
balance
conservation
and use
Objectives are
set by choice
Structure and function
Ecological
Management promotes
Inter-sectoral
cooperation
Use adaptive
management
Manage
for change
Involve all
relevant sectors
Rely on all
relevant information
Decentralise management
Management at
appropriate spatial and
temporal scales
Social
Policies reduce
market distortions,
align incentives and
internalise costs and benefits
Policy
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 55
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Interrelationships between ecosystem services
and human well being
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 56
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Ecosystem values and valuation
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 57
Item 6 – Ecosystem Services Assessment
Valuation tools
•
Revealed preference tools
•
•
•
•
•
Stated preference tools
•
•
•
Change in productivity
Cost-based approaches
Hedonic pricing
Travel-cost method
Contingent valuation
Contingent ranking
Benefits transfer
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 58
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Example: Benefits flows from selected countries
Source: MA
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 59
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Global status of ecosystem services
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 60
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Regional Case Studies
• Proyecto Nacional de Gestión Ambiental MARN/BM/GEF –
Ernesto Lopez Zepeda, El Salvador
• La biodiversidad, sus bienes y servicios ambientales en
ecosistemas sometidos a producciones mixtas de la Pampa
Deprimida - Nestor Maceira, Argentina
• Uso, valoracíon y promocíon de plantas medicinales, una
estrategia nacional – José Antonio Gómez, Colombia
•
Resultados de la Valoración Económica de los Recursos
Naturales de Parque Nacional Coiba; Método de Transferencia de
Beneficios – Eustorgio Jaen Nunez, Panama
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 61
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Resources on ecosystem services valuation:
• Universities of Maryland and Rhode Island:
www.ecosystemvaluation.org
• Training guide on valuation for NBSAPs (UNEP/IUCN):
www.biodiversityeconomics.org/valuation/topics-612-00.htm
• IUCN guidelines for protected area managers on the
economic values of protected areas:
www.biodiversityeconomics.org/valuation/topics-34-00.htm
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 62
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Resources continued:
• Ramsar guide for policy makers and planners on
the economic valuation wetlands:
www.ramsar.org/lib_valuation_e.htm
• World Bank/Nature Conservancy/IUCN report on
valuation:
www.worldbank.org
• OECD Handbook of biodiversity valuation
www.oecd.org
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 63
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment
Discussion points
• Impact of sustainable use and nonsustainable use on livelihoods and ecosystem
goods and services
•
Socio-economic factors that influence
patterns and intensity of use
•
Economic and social values of ecosystem
goods and services
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 64
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Financial Analysis
Economic Analysis
Viewpoint
Ind ividual or firm
Society as a whole
Objective
Profit or income
Welfare
Benefit
Financ ial revenue
Any welfare increases
Measurement
Financ ial revenue
Willingness to pay
Cost
Financ ial cost
Any welfare decreases
Measurement
Financ ial cost
Opportunity cost
Net change in mon. reve nue
Net change in welfare
Value
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 65
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Example: cost of conservation
•
Direct cost: park management, tourism
infrastructure and management
•
Indirect costs: damages outside protected areas
by wildlife
•
Opportunity cost: land development
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 66
Item 7 – Financial costs and benefits
Costs of conservation through parks
(Cape Floristic Region,
South Africa)
Sources: Frazee (2001),
Krug (2001)
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 67
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Who bears the costs?
Costs
Direct
Indirect
• crop `damage
• livestock loss
Opportunity
Land Acquisition
Local
()
National

Global


()

Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 68
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Who receives the benefits?
Ecosystem Values
Direct use values
Local Level
National Level
Global Level

Indirect use values:
• watershed protection

• erosion & flood control

()
• cleansing of air & water

()
• carbon fixing

()

• biological diversity



Option values



Existence values



Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 69
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Disparity between private and social costs and benefits of
biodiversity conservation and sustainable use is an important
reason for biodiversity decline.
Perspective
Basis for Calculation
Private
Benefits of C/SU less Costs of C/SU
<
Benefits of Dev less Costs of Dev
Society
Benefits of C/SU less Costs of C/SU
>
Benefits of Dev less Costs of Dev
Individual land users often fail to capture the social benefits of
biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 70
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Responses:
• Demonstrate value in accordance with TEV:
identify all benefits, undertake valuation
• Use capture mechanisms (incentive measures),
for instance:
• Park entry fees
• Payments for environmental services
• Markets for biodiversity goods and services
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 71
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Discussion:
• Types of costs and benefits of conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity
•
Role of financial costs and benefits
•
Distributional effects and their implications
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 72
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Regional Case Studies
• Impacto de los agentes de biocontrol sobre las
comunidades microbianas – Laura Gassoni,
Argentina
• Programa del Lagarto y conservación – Mario
Baudoin, Bolivia
• Los efectos sociales de los cambios en la
agricultura - Carlos Reboratti, Argentina
• Uso sostenible de recursos zoogenèticos: el caso
de las cabras y vicuñas – Carlos Mezzadra,
Argentina
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 73
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits
Regional Case Studies
• Los subsidios agricolas y su impacto sobre la
sustentabilidad de la producción agropecuaria de
Argentina – Alejandra Sarquis, Argentina
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 74
Item 8 – Assessment of the Workshop
• Working groups - Questions
• Feedback
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 75
Item 8 – Assessment of the Workshop
Development of key recommendations to
SBSTTA concerning :
• Applicability of AA principles to agricultural
biodiversity
• Assessment of Ecosystem Services
• Financial costs and benefits associated with
conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 76
Item 9 – Other matters
?
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 77
Item 10 – Adoption of workshop report
• Key conclusions and recommendations
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 78
Item 11 – Closure of the workshop
• Closing remarks
• Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA)
• Government of Argentina
• Technical support team
• CBD Secretariat
• Farewells
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 79
Thank you!
WWW.BIODIV.ORG
Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 80