Final Exam Study Guide
I.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Nature of Science – Ch 1
Write the definitions for these terms:
Hypothesis - _______________________________________________________________________________
Independent Variable - ______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Variable - ________________________________________________________________________
Constant - _________________________________________________________________________________
Tom and Jerry were testing to see if soil pH had an effect on plant growth. Tom took three plants of the same
species and placed them in 3 different sized pots. Jerry added the different soils to each pot. Each plant got the
same amount of sunlight, water, and temperature. They took measurements every day for 4 weeks and
measured/recorded the plant growth in a chart.
Soil pH
Plant Growth (cm)
3.5
150
4.5
100
5.5
50
Were there any flaws in this experiment? If so, explain. _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Write a possible hypothesis for this experiment. ____________________________________________________
What does Tom and Jerry need to do in order to make this a controlled experiment? ______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
List each of the different components for this experiment:
Independent variable - _____________________________________
Dependent variable - _______________________________________
Constants - __________________________________________________________________________________
a. What is the biosphere? ______________________________________________________________________
Circle the portion of the earth that is the biosphere.
Define biodiversity: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Where on Earth is the most biodiversity? ________________________
What is a species? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. All living organisms share these characteristics:
a. All living things are made up of __________, which are the building blocks of life.
b. All living things need _____________ so that they can metabolize, or carry out chemical functions.
c. All living things ______________ to their environment, due to a stimulus.
d. All living things _____________ to pass on their genetic material.
5. What is homeostasis? _____________________________________________________________________
Give an example of homeostasis: ____________________________________________________________
6. What is the difference between a theory and a law?
Theory
Law
7. a. Label the parts of the microscope:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
b. What kind of microscope is this?
_______________________________________
8. What is difference between a scanning and a
transmission electron microscope?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Write the steps of the scientific method in the correct order:
a. State a hypothesis
1._______________________________
b. Analyze data
2._______________________________
c. Make observations
3._______________________________
d. Do research
4._______________________________
e. Plan and conduct experiment
5._______________________________
f. Ask a question
6._______________________________
g. Draw conclusion
7._______________________________
10. Put the data below into a bar graph from greatest to least amount of sightings.
II.
Number of
Sightings
23
Type of Birds
15
Blue Jays
37
Chickadees
4
Bluebirds
20
Cardinals
Crows
Macromolecules/Biochemistry – Ch 2
11. Define these terms:
a. Atom - _________________________________________________________________________________
b. Element - _______________________________________________________________________________
c. Compound - _____________________________________________________________________________
d. Molecule - ______________________________________________________________________________
e. Ion - ____________________________________________________________________________________
12. a. Label the protons, neutrons, and electrons in the carbon atom below.
b. How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms?_________
c. Carbon-based molecules have 3 fundamental structures:
______________________
______________________
______________________
13. Identify the correct type of bond:
___________________ - sharing of electrons between atoms
___________________ - slightly positive hydrogen is attracted to a slightly negative atom
___________________ - oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another
14. Water is a ______________ molecule because the ___________ atom has a slight negative charge and the
________________ atom has a slight positive charge.
15. Water ________________ when it freezes. Fish can survive a cold winter because the ice acts as a(n)
_______________________ that allows the water underneath to remain liquid. Ice is _________ dense than
water.
16. What type of bond is formed between water molecules? ____________________________
17. Although hydrogen bonds are 20 times weaker than covalent bonds, they give water some
very special properties. Identify the properties of water due to hydrogen bonding:
___________________________ - allows insects to float on water due to surface tension
___________________________ - makes the water inside the cells of your body resistant to changes in
temperature
___________________________ - allows water to travel up from the roots to the leaves in plants
18. a. The ________________ is the substance that dissolves.
b. The ________________ is the substance that is present in the
greatest amount and is the substance that dissolves the solutes.
c. Label the solvent, solute, and solution.
19. An __________ releases H+ ions in water so
therefore substances like stomach acid has a
________ H+ concentration and a _______ pH.
20. A __________ removes H+ ions when dissolved in
water, therefore has a ________ H+ concentration
and a _________ pH.
21. Water has a _______________ pH.
22. A small molecule called a__________________ is a subunit that can be bonded together to form a large
molecule called a ________________.
23. Fill in the blank boxes in the chart below:
The Four Biological Macromolecules
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Polysaccarides
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Fatty Acids
Lipids (triglycerides)
24. Identify this structure. Identify this structure. Identify this structure. Identify this structure.
___________________
___________________
__________________ ______________________
25. For each of the four major biological macromolecules, list examples and the primary function for each in the
chart below.
Biomacromolecules
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Examples
Primary Function(s)
26. Define these terms:
Catalyst - ___________________________________________________________________________________
Enzyme - ___________________________________________________________________________________
27. Most enzymes are _______________ which carry out functions and form important structures in the body.
28. Things like ________ and ____________________ can change the shape and function, or activity, of an enzyme.
29. Why is a very high fever so dangerous to a person? ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
30. Enzyme structure is important because its shape allows only
certain ______________ to bind to the enzyme. The specific
reactants that an enzyme acts on are called _________________.
31. In the lock and key model, substrates temporarily bind to
substrates at specific places called ____________ ___________.
III.
Cell Structure and Function – Ch 3, 5
32. What are the three major principles of the cell theory?
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
33. Identify the scientists that made these important discoveries that contributed to the cell theory.
_______________ Said that all plants were made up of cells
_______________ Looked at cork cells and thought they looked like tiny rooms
_______________ Stated all living things were made up of cells
_______________ Proposed all cells come from preexisting cells
_______________ Looked at pond water and saw tiny animalcules
34. The discovery of cells would not be possible without the invention of the ___________________.
35. Write in each of these descriptions into the correct box:
 No nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
 Has membrane-bound organelles
 No membrane-bound organelles
 Has a nucleus
 Single-cellular
 Mostly multi-cellular
 Bacteria
 Plants and Animals
36. a. Is the cell below prokaryotic or eukaryotic? __________________________
b. Label the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosomes, and flagella.
37. a. Label the organelles of the plant cell.
b. What 3 structures are only found in plant
cells?
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
38. a. Label the organelles of the animal cell.
b. What 2 structure are only found in
animal cells?
________________________
________________________
39. Both plant an animal cells are
_______________________ cells.
40. Identify the function of these important cell organelles:
Organelle Name
Organelle Function
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Cilia
Flagella
41. Another name for the cell membrane is _____________ membrane.
42. Why is the cell membrane referred to as a highly selective
barrier? _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
43. The cell membrane is made up of two_____________________
layers that are embedded with other molecules, such as
_______________, ____________________, and
_______________________.
44. Scientist call this phospholipid bilayer a ___________
_____________ ____________ because the cell membrane is
flexible and is made up of many parts.
45. Identify these important terms related to movement across the cell membrane:
a. _________________________ - does not require energy to move molecules across the cell membrane.
b. _________________________ - requires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane.
c. _________________________ - movement of molecules from a high to low concentration
d. _________________________ - movement of water across the cell membrane
46. a. A hypotonic solution has ___________ solutes than the
inside of a cell, causing the cell to _____________.
b. A hypertonic solution has ____________ solutes than
the inside of a cell, causing the cell to _____________.
c. An isotonic solution has an ____________ amount of
solute as inside the cell so its size stays the___________.
47. For each of the three solutions above, draw an arrow showing which way water is moving into and/or out of the
cell.
48. Fill in the chart below with the correct information:
Type of Transport
Transport protein
With or against
used?
concentration
gradient?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Requires energy
from the cell?
Active or passive
transport?
49. Label the two processes are depicted below? Do these
processes require energy? ______________
__________________________________
__________________________________
50. What are the 3 main phases of the cell cycle?
________________________
________________________
________________________
51. a. In which phase of the cell is DNA replicated?
____________________________
b. Does this occur before or after mitosis/meiosis? _________________
52. Write the major events of each phase of mitosis.
Phases of Mitosis
Picture of phase
Major events
Prophase
1.Chromosomes ___________________
_________________________________
2. Nuclear envelope ________________
3.Centrioles _______________________
_________________________________
4.Spindle fibers ____________________
Metaphase
1.Chromosomes ____________________
_________________________________
2. Spindle fibers attach to
_________________________________
Anaphase
1. Sister Chromatids ________________
_________________________________
Telophase
1.Nuclear membrane _______________
_________________________________
2. Chromosomes ___________________
_________________________________
3.Spindle fibers ____________________
_________________________________
53. Mitosis results in the formation of ________ daughter cells the are genetically ___________________.
54. Mitosis occurs in _____________, or body cells.
55. Mutations in genes can sometimes lead to ___________________,
which is uncontrolled cell division.
56. Cancer can by caused by mutagens, or __________________.
57. List some example of things that can cause cancer.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
58. What is asexual reproduction?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
IV.
Bio EOC Exam Study Guide – Honors/Pre-IB Biology
Plants and Cell Energy – Ch 21, 22.2, 4
Part 2
59. Label the structure and write the function for each of the plant parts.
a. Flower - ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
b. Stem - _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
c. Root - ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
d. Leaf - ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
60. What materials do the xylem and phloem carry?
a. Xylem - _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
b. Phloem - ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
61. In what structures does photosynthesis occur in the plant?
________________________________________________________________
62. What is transpiration?
________________________________________________________________
63. How do plants move water from the roots to the leaves using transpiration
and the special properties of water?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
64. a. Label all the parts of a flower.
b.Color the female parts pink.
c. Color the male parts green.
65. Define these terms:
a. Photosynthesis - ________________________________________________________________________
b. Cellular Respiration - _____________________________________________________________________
66. Look at the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Identify which equation is photosynthesis and
which is cellular respiration and label the reactants and products for each.
67. Compare the equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How are the two processes related?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
68. Fill in the chart below for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respirtation
Organelle for process?
Reactants? What does it need?
Products? What does it make?
Who uses this process?
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
V.
What does ATP stand for? __________________________________________
What is ATP used for? _________________________________________________________________________
Cellular respiration is an __________________ process because it uses oxygen to produce ATP.
Fermentation is an __________________ process because it does not use oxygen to produce ATP.
The two types of fermentation are _____________________ and _____________________.
Genetics and Meiosis – Ch 6, 7
74. Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that:
 Organisms inherit ________ copies of each gene; ________ from each parent
 Organisms donate only ________ copy of each gene in their gametes. Thus, the two copies of each gene
________________ during gamete formation
75. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states that:
 Allele pairs separate ______________________ of each other during gamete formation, or meiosis. So,
different traits appear to be inherited ____________________.
76. Fill in the chart below comparing mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Produces genetically
___________________ cells.
Results in __________________ cells
which have 2 copies of each
chromosome.
Cell division of ________________
cells, or body cells.
Takes place _________________ an
organism’s life.
Involved in ________________
reproduction.
Produces genetically
___________________ cells.
Results in ____________________ cells
which have only 1 copy of each
chromosome.
Cell division producing
_______________, or sex cells
Takes place only at
____________________ in an
organism’s life.
Involved in __________________
reproduction.
77. Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes, one inherited from the
______________, one from the ________________, that have the same
_______________ and same general ______________________.
78. Look at the pair of homologous chromosomes to the right. What process is
occuring in this diagram? ________________________________________
79. Due to gene linkage, which genes are more likely to be inherited together,
A&B, A&D, or B&D? ____________________
Explain? _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
80. Answer the questions below using a Punnett square. Show your work and
calculate probablities and show phenotypic ratios (Homozygous Dominant:Heterozygous:Homozygous
Recessive) for each cross.
a. A homozygous dominant gray oompa loompa marries a homozygous recessive orange oompa. Will any of
their children be orange?____________Show your work!
Phenotypic Ratio: ____________________ % Gray_______________ % Orange ____________________
b. If Roxy oompa and Ronnie oompa have 4 oompa children and 1/4th are orange, what must be their
genotypes. Show your work in a Punnett square. ________ X _________
81. Define the different modes of Inheritance:
a. Autosomal recessive - _____________________________________________________________________
b. Autosomal dominant - _____________________________________________________________________
c. Codominant - ____________________________________________________________________________
d. Incomplete dominance - ___________________________________________________________________
e. Sex-linked - ______________________________________________________________________________
f. Polygenic - _______________________________________________________________________________
g. Multiple alleles - __________________________________________________________________________
82. Identify the different modes of inheritance in the example questions below.
a. A cross between a purebred animal with red hairs and a purebred animal with white hairs produces an
animal that has both red hairs and white hairs. What type of inheritance pattern is involved?
______________________________
b. In a cross between individuals of a species of tropical fish, all of the male offspring have long tail fins, and
none of the females possess the trait. Mating two of the resulting offspring fails to produce females with the
trait. Explain the inheritance pattern of the trait. _______________________________________________
c. A red-flowered sweet pea plant is crossed with a white-flowered sweet pea plant. All of the offspring are
pink. What is the inheritance pattern being expressed? __________________________________________
d. An ecologist observes that a population of plants in a meadow has flowers that may be red, yellow, white,
pink, or purple. Hypothesize what the inheritance pattern might be. ________________________________
e. In cats, the allele for fur color is sex linked. The allele for black fur is XC, and the
allele for orange fur is Xc . From this information, explain why calico cats, XCXc, are
always female. ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
f. Suppose you mate a black rooster with a white hen. The feathers of all the
offspring are “blue,” a color that is intermediate between black and white. Explain the inheritance pattern in
these chickens. _______________________________
g. Julia purchased a puppy from a breeder. The breeder explained that the puppy should never be bred with
another dog because it was a carrier. What did the breeder mean by this statement? __________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
h. Inheritance of the palomino coat color in horses is a result of incomplete dominance. White horse is DD, a
chestnut horse is dd, and a palomino horse is Dd. What is the expected ratio of coat colors in the offspring of
two palomino horses? _____________________________________________________________________
VI.
Molecular Genetics – Ch 8,9
83. a. In the DNA structure to the right, label a phosphate group,
deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
b.Circle a nucleotide.
84. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are _________________,
__________________, ___________________ and ___________________.
85. In DNA, adenine always binds with ________________ and guanine always binds with ___________________.
86. DNA’s genetic code is called a _________________ code because it is common to all organisms.
87. Describe the basic steps of DNA
replication.
1. Unzipping:___________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
2. Nucleotides added:____________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
3. Two identical molecules
formed:__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
88. Why does DNA replicate? ______________________________________________________________________
89. Write the complementary base pair sequence for TAC CGC AAT TGG CAG.
____________________________________________________________
90. The central dogma states that information flows in one direction, from __________ to
_________ to ______________.
91. Describe the basic goal of these two processes:
Transcription - _________________________________________________________
Translation - ___________________________________________________________
92. Write the function of these three types of RNA:
mRNA - _______________________________________________________________
rRNA - ________________________________________________________________
tRNA - ________________________________________________________________
93. In RNA, the base thymine is replaced with __________________.
94. Using the DNA base sequence TAC TTT GGA AAC ATG GCT ACT, transcribe the sequence into mRNA and then
translate into an amino acid sequence (Pg 244 in Holt).
Transcription: DNA  RNA
Translation: RNA  Protein
95. DNA contains ___________ that code for different traits in an organism.
96. Mutations in DNA can cause proteins to be misshapen and not function properly. How could a mutation in DNA
affect the phenotypic expression of genes in an organism?____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
97. A mouse that contains the gene for GFP from a jellyfish which makes the mouse glow
green is an example of a ____________________ organism.
98. ___________________ _________ is DNA that contains genes from more than one
organism.
99. Why is it that a human gene can be inserted into a plasmid (loop of DNA) in a
bacterial cell? _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
100.
What were the two main goals of the human genome project?
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
VII.
Evolution – Ch 10, 11, 12
101.
Many scientists contributed to the theory of evolution. Name the contributions that
these scientists proposed.
Charles Darwin - _________________________________________________________________
Lamarck - _______________________________________________________________________
Linnaeus - _______________________________________________________________________
102.
What is the theory of natural selection?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
103.
Describe these four principles of natural selection.
Principles of Natural Selection
Description
1. Variation
2. Overproduction
3. Adaptation
4. Descent with modification
104.
The fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and
observed evolutionary change are all types of ________________________ of evolution.
105.
a. How does the brain size and jaw size change from early
ancestory to modern humans?___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b.How do you think this influenced things like language and the
manufacture of tools? _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
106.
Explain how the finches on the different islands of the Galapagos had such
different traits from one island to the next. _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
107.
How is embryology evidence for
evolution? _____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
108.
Define these terms:
Homolougous structure - __________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Analogous structure - _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
109.
Which type of structure suggest
evidence of a common ancestor?
_____________________________________________
110.
A whale’s hip bone is a vestigial structure. What might this structure
suggest about an earlier ancestor? _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
VIII.
Diversity and Classification of Organisms – Ch 17, 18.4, 19.1, 19.5, 20, 23.1
111.
Why do we classify organisms? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
112.
Define these terms:
Taxonomy - _________________________________________________________________________________
Binomial Nomenclature - ______________________________________________________________________
113.
What is the genus and species (scientific name) for a modern human being? ______________________
114.
Linnaeus classified organisms into a heirarchy of taxa. List the classification system in order from
broadest to most specific. _________________, ___________________, __________________,
_________________, __________________, __________________, _________________, _________________
115.
The evolutionary history for a group of species is
called ______________________.
116.
According to this cladogram to the right, which
organism is most closely related to dinosaurs and birds?
_______________________________
117.
Organisms in this cladogram are hierarchically classified based upon _______________________
relationships.
118.
What are the three domains: __________________, _____________________, ____________________
119.
The two original kingdoms in 1753 were plantae and animalia. Due to the contribution of many new
findings by many scientists, there are now six kingdoms which are __________________, __________________,
____________________, _____________________, _______________________, and _____________________.
120.
Explain reasons that might cause an organism’s classification to change. __________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Ecology – Ch 13, 14, 15, 16
121.
Draw an energy pyramid and add the following organisms at the appropriate trophic level: grass, rabbit,
grasshopper, snake hawk. Label each level .. . producer through tertiary consumer. Write the amount of energy
in kcals if the producers contain 10,000 kcals of energy.
122.
Study the marine food web above. What organisms not shown in this food web arfe importan to the stability of
the ecosystem?
123.
If the fish were contaminated by toxins, how would this event affect the entire ecosystem. Why would
the humans be most vunerable?
124.
Use a concept map to display the differences between exponential growth and logistic growth. Lable
which is known as a “J-curve” and which is know as an “S-curve”.
Population
Growth
125.
Use a main idea chart to explain and give example of density –independent and density- dependent
limiting factors.
Density Independent
Density dependent
Ex.
126.
Ex.
Use a concept map to summarize what you know about climate zones.
127.
Use a diagram to summarize what you know about biomes.
Earth has six major biomes
128.
How do you think the organisms above the high-tide
zone are able to obtain the water they need to survive? What adaptations are necessary for the species in the
spray zone compared with the species in the low-tide zone? Why wouldn’t fish be a major part of the intertidal
zone?
129.
What are the limiting factors in the freshwater
Which abiotic factor affects the freshwater producers?
toxin was introduced which organism would be most
How would a severe drought over several years affect this
What type of succession is this?
130.
ecosystem below?
If a water-soluble
affected and why?
ecosystem?
CO2 is important in our atmosphere because it is
required for photosynthesis and it traps some
Heat, keeping Earth warm. However, human –produced CO2 is a problem. Explain why and what could
be done to counter these consequences.