Introduction To
Anatomy & Physiology
 Characteristics of Living Things
 The Sciences of Anatomy &
Physiology
 Levels of Organization
 Introduction to Organ Systems
 Homeostasis & System Integration
 Regions of the Human Body
 Sectional Planes & Anatomical
Directions
 Body Cavities
Introduction
Characteristics of Living Things
The Sciences of Anatomy &
Physiology
Levels of Organization
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the basic functions of
living organisms
2. Define anatomy & physiology & list
several subdisciplines of each
3. Identify the major levels of
organization in living organisms
from the simplest to the most
complex Identify the major levels of
organization in living organisms
from the simplest to the most
complex
Characteristics
Of Living Things
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ordered Structure
Response to Stimuli
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolic Activity
Ordered Structure
Responsiveness
Growth & Differentiation
Reproduction
First Step
Second Step
Movement
Metabolism
& Excretion
Metabolism
 The sum of all biochemical
processes within the human body.
• Anabolism:
 The synthesis of complex organic
compounds from simpler precursors.
 Requires energy. Endergonic
• Catabolism:

 The breakdown of complex organic
compounds into simpler components.
 Releases energy. Exergonic

Subdisciplines of
Anatomy & Physiology
 Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
 Physiology
• Cell Physiology
• Special Physiology
• Systemic Physiology
• Pathological Physiology
Anatomical
Disciplines
• Microscopic Anatomy:
 Cytology:
Study of cell structure.
Ex: muscle cell.
 Histology:
Study of tissue structure.
Ex: muscle tissue – muscle cells;
satellite cells; nerve cells; etc.
Anatomical
Disciplines
• Gross Anatomy:
 Surface Anatomy:
Study of general form & superficial
markings.
Ex: tooth alignment, body contour,
distribution of hair.
 Regional Anatomy:
Study of specific body areas.
Ex: head; foot; abdomen; etc.
Anatomical
Disciplines
• Gross Anatomy:
 Systemic Anatomy:
Study of organ systems:
Ex: cardiovascular system; urinary
system; respiratory system.
 Developmental Anatomy:
Study of form changes between
conception & physical maturity
Ex: embryonic development; fetal
development; sexual development.
Physiological
Disciplines
• Cell Physiology:
Study of chemical/molecular processes
within cells & chemical interaction
between cells.
Ex: stem cell research; oncology
research.
• Special Physiology:
Study of the physiology of specific
organs.
Ex: cardiac physiology; renal physiology;
gastric physiology.
Physiological
Disciplines
• Systemic Physiology:
Study of the physiology of specific
organ systems.
Ex: cardiovascular physiology;
respiratory physiology; reproductive
physiology.
• Pathological Physiology:
Study of the effects of diseases on
organ and/or organ system functions.
Ex: tuberculosis; malaria; influenza; AIDS.
Levels Of Organization





Subatomic
Atomic
Molecular
Organelle
Cellular




Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Atomic Structure
Proton / positive charge /
plus sign
• Nucleus:
 protons: p+
 neutrons: n0
• Energy Levels:
 electrons: e orbitals
Neutron / neutral charge/
no sign
Electron / negative charge /
minus sign
Atomic Level:
Atoms are elements with
specific properties
Ex: C, H, O, N
Molecular Level:
Molecules are combinations of
atoms
Ex: Actin
Organelle Level:
Organelles are made up of
different molecules
Myosin
Ex: Sarcomere
Cellular Level:
Cells are composed of various
organelles
Ex: Cardiocyte
Tissue Level:
Tissues are composed
of several cell types
Organ Level:
Organs are composed of
various tissue types
(Ch 5-19)
Organ System Level:
Organ systems are composed
of various organs
(Ch 5-12)
(Ch 13-19)
Organism Level:
Organisms are composed of
several organ systems
I sure hope
this dude
is planning
on taking a
break soon!!
Introduction to Body
Systems
Integumentary System
Skeletal & Muscular Systems
Nervous & Endocrine Systems
Cardiovascular & Lymphatic
Systems
Respiratory System
Digestive & Urinary Systems
Reproductive System
Learning Objectives
1. List 11 organ system divisions
of the human body
2. Identify the major component
organs of each organ system
3. Discuss the major functions of
each organ system
Body System Overview
 Major System Organs
 Primary System Functions

Integumentary
System
Ch 5
SKIN
Integumentary
System
PROTECTION
Against
Environmental
Hazards; Helps
Control Body
Temperature

Skeletal
System
Ch 6
BONES
Skeletal System
SUPPORT;
Protects
Tissues; Stores
Minerals; Forms
Blood;
LOCOMOTION

Muscular
System
Ch 7
MUSCLES
Muscular System
Movement;
Support;
Produces Heat
Nervous
System
Ch 8 – 9
Nervous System
Immediate
RESPONSE
To Stimuli;
COORDINATES
Other Organ
Systems
Endocrine
System
Ch 10
Endocrine
System
Directs
Longterm Responses
Of Other Organ
Systems
COORDINATION
& CONTROL

Cardiovascular
System
Ch 11 – 13
Cardiovascular System
TRANSPORT
Of Cells &
Dissolved
Materials:
Nutrients,
Wastes, Gases
Lymphatic System
& Immunity
Ch 14
Lymphatic System
H2O
REGULATION
&
IMMUNITY

Respiratory
System
Ch 15
Respiratory System
GAS
EXCHANGE
btw Air &
Blood

Digestive
System
Ch 16 – 17
Digestive System
Food
PROCESSING
&
ABSORPTION
Of Nutrients

Urinary
System
Ch 18
Urinary System
EXCRETION
Of Waste,
Excess H2O, &
Salts

Reproductive
System
Ch 19
Reproductive
System
PERPETUATION
OF THE
SPECIES
♂
Produces Sex
Cells (Sperm) &
Hormones
Reproductive
System
PERPETUATION
OF THE
SPECIES
♀
Produces Sex
Cells (Eggs) &
Hormones
System Integration
So until next time, Adios amoebas!
Homeostasis
& System Integration
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the concept of
homeostasis and its
significance to living things
2. Describe how positive and
negative feedback are involved
in homeostatic regulation
Homeostasis
The steady-state physiological
condition of a body
The automatic tendency to
maintain constant internal
conditions despite changes in
the external environment
 Maintained by feedback
mechanisms – especially feedback
inhibition
Homeostasis:
A Regulatory Process
Negative Feedback
Mechanism & Homeostasis
Control of Blood Sugar
Pancreas
β Cells
insulin
diet
BLOOD
LIVER
C6H12O6
GLYCOGEN
fast
Pancreas
α Cells
glucagon
Regulatory Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
 Feedback inhibition: increasing
amounts of an end product in a
chemical synthesis pathway
causes the reaction to slow down
or stop
• Positive feedback
 Increasing amounts of an end
product in a chemical synthesis
pathway causes the reaction to
speed up
Negative Feedback
 An anabolic
biosynthetic
pathway produces
a chemical product.
 The product
interacts negatively
with a catalytic
enzyme in the
pathway.
 As more product is
produced,
synthesis of
product is reduced.
 Note:
 less product =
more production
of product.
 More product =
less production of
product.
Positive Feedback
 An anabolic
biosynthetic pathway
produces a chemical
product.
 The product interacts
positively with a
catalytic enzyme in
the pathway.
 As more product is
produced, synthesis of
product is increased.
 Note:
 less product = less
production of
product.
 More product =
more production of
product.
Positive Feedback
Mechanism & Homeostasis
Reference Frames &
Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy: Anatomical
Landmarks & Body Regions
Sectional Anatomy: Dissection
Planes & Body Sections
Body Cavities
Anatomical Directions
Learning Objectives
1. Use anatomical terms to
describe body regions
2. Use anatomical terms to
describe body sections &
relative positions
3. Identify the major body cavities
and their subdivisions
Anatomical Terminology
Many students already know:
Facial
Nasal
Oral
Pectoral
Abdominal
Carpal
Femoral
Pelvic
Pubic
Mammary
 face
 nose
 mouth
 chest
 abdomen/stomach
 wrist
 thigh
 above genital region
 genital region
 breast
Anatomical Terminology
All students should know:
Previous list…..+
Cranial
Buccal
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Brachial
Antebrachial
 top of head
 cheek
 chin
 neck
 chest
 armpit
 upper arm
 lower arm
Anatomical Terminology
All students should know:
Previous list…..+
Digital
Phalangeal
Dorsal
Lumbar
Gluteal
Crural
Sural
Tarsal
 fingers or toes
 finger or toe parts
 back (upper)
 lower back
 buttocks
 lower leg (front)
 lower leg (calf)
 ankle
Anatomical Terminology
All students should know:
Previous list…..+
Cephalic
Frontal
Inguinal
Manual
Palmar
Pedal
Plantar
Calcaneal
 head
 forehead
 groin
 hand
 palm
 foot
 sole
 heel
Anterior Anatomical
Landmarks
Body Regions
Note the
Anatomical
Position
Posterior Anatomical
Landmarks
Body Regions
Note the
Anatomical
Position
Abdominalpelvic
Quadrants
So until next time, Adios amoebas!
Sectional Anatomy
Sectional Planes
Coronal plane: usually referencing the head
Sagittal Planes:
Midsagittal (shown)
Parasagittal (not shown)
Sectional Planes
Sectional Anatomy
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
Superficial
Anatomical
Directions
Deep
Anatomical Directions
Parietal
Anatomical
Directions
Visceral
Cortical
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
Medullary
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Body Cavity
Relationships
So until next time, Adios amoebas!