Match Up the Statements
Fertile Period
Infertile Period
Thick mucus
Thin Watery Mucus
Increase Body Temp.
Normal Body Temp.
Match Up the Statements
Fertile Period
Infertile Period
Thick mucus
Thin Watery Mucus
Increase Body Temp.
Normal Body Temp.
Learning Outcomes
•Review topic understanding
•Complete activities to ensure
comprehensive notes
•Revise for checktest
Using last lesson information – summarise it
in here (take full A4 sheet landscape) ......
Stimulating Artificial
Ovulation
Insemination
Problem
Solution
Side Effects
In-Vitro
Fertilisation
(IVF/PGS
and PGD)
Intracytoplasmic
sperm
injection
(ICSI)
Treatments for infertility
4 main ones we will examine;
Stimulating ovulation
Hormone treatment for ovulation
Artificial insemination
Low sperm count treated by
introducing several samples into
reproductive tract.
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) + PGS/PGD
 Counteracts oviduct blockage by
fusion of gametes outside body, then
once into 8 cells+ reinsert into womb
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
If sperm inactive directly fuse in IVF
Stimulating ovulation
Problem
•Women fail to ovulate, problem with
FSH/LH or pituitary gland.
Solution
•Thus take a drug – mimicking LH/FSH
•Or take drugs that prevent negative
feedback of oestrogen on FSH in luteal
period.
Side Effect
•Can cause “super-ovulation” where
multiple births occur.
•Also used in IVF for releasing of eggs
Artificial insemination
Problem
•Low sperm count
Solution
•Several samples of semen, frozen and
then defrosted and released together
into cervical region when she is most
likely to be fertile.
Side Effect
•If male sterile, a donor can use same
method.
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) + PGS/PGD
Problem
• Blockage of oviducts
Solution
• Fertilisation occurs outside of body in
several stages (see next slide)
Side Effect
• Examination for genetic abnormalities via
pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS)
for single gene or common chromosomal
abnormalities
• Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
specific approach check for known
chromosomal/gene defect (eg CF gene)
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) + PGS/PGD
• Women hormone treatment to stimulate
multiple ovulation (egg collection)
• Surgery to remove egg from ovary
• Eggs mixed with sperm in medium for
fertilisation (ICSI alternative – see next)
• Fertilised eggs incubated in nutrient media
for 2-3 days allowing for cell division to
form embryo of 8 or more cells
• 2 or 3 embryos choosen, inserted into
mothers uterus (ready for implantation)
• Remaining embryos frozen in case second
attempt needed for implantation
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Problem
•Sperm inactive, so either low count and
mature sperm defective
Solution
•Using a syringe remove healthy sperm
and inject directly into an egg for
fertilisation.
•Egg needs to be held in place by holding
tool
Using last lesson information – summarise it in
here (take full A4 sheet landscape) and add
complications from case studies p137-138......
How it works
Barrier method
(condoms/ diaphragm /
cervical cap)
Intra-uterine
devices (IUD)
Sterilisation;
• Vasectomy
•Tube ligation
Pill - combined
Morning after pill
Mini pill/ implant
Complications
Physical Methods
Complications
Not as effective as
chemical methods
Intra-uterine
devices (IUD)
How it works
Physically blocks
sperm reaching
ovum
T structure into
uterus to prevent
implantation of
embryo, stimulate
WBC /substances
hostile to sperm /
mobility.
Sterilisation;
• Vasectomy
•Tube ligation
Cutting/tying
sperm ducts /
oviducts
Irreversible normally but
highly effective
Barrier method
(condoms/ diaphragm /
cervical cap)
?Not prevent
conception? Ethics!
Inflammation/ irritation
of uterus allows failure
to implant embryo
Ectopic pregnancy issue
Chemical Methods
Pill combined
Morning
after pill
How it works
Synthetic oestrogen
and progesterone so
inhibit FSH and LH (feedback). Thus no
mature egg or
ovulation.
Dummy/placebo on
4th week for
menstruation to
occur
Complications
99% effective – however if
vomiting or diarrhoea /
antibiotics not protected.
Increase risk in breast /cervical
and liver cancer, however
lowers risk of
endometrium/ovarian and
colon cancer
Oestrogen may cause blood to
clot
High dose of
progesterone and
oestrogen- prevent
implantation
?Not prevent conception?
Ethics!
Chemical Methods
Mini pill /
implant
How it works
Progesterone only –
can be high or low
dosage.
Complications
50% inhibits ovulation (low
dose), dependent on cervical
mucus thickening preventing
sperm reaching egg.
Used while breast feeding/
reduce cramp / heavy
bleeding– taken by breast
cancer risk or high blood
pressure
Taken same time every day /
mood swings/ irregular
menstruation / weight gain
Revise & review
•Complete testing your knowledge pages
130 and 139
•Make a flow chart/bullet in sequence of
2 phases in menstruation
•Use checklist to identify areas for
reivison
•Then use the keywords (and add other
key words) from this topic – write
definition/explanation underneath in
small writing
•Add an arrow linking to another area –
along arrow write the connection
The Menstrual Cycle Flow Chart
1.



2.

Follicular phase (1st half of cycle) before ovulation
Development of Graafian follicle from stimulation of
FSH and production of oestrogen
Repair of endometrium
High levels of oestrogen lead to a surge in LH and FSH
production at around day 14  OVULATION
Luteal phase (2nd half of cycle) after ovulation
LH stimulates Graafian follicles to become the corpus
luteum which secretes progesterone (vascularisation)
 No more FSH or LH is released (due to negative
feedback) meaning no new follicles are produced
 Lack of LH  degeneration of the corpus luteum (at
day 22) no progesterone released to maintain
endometrium
 MENSTRUATION (day 28)
Mind Map Review
Negative Feedback
ICSI
FSH
Testosterone
Ovulation
Endometrium
Sperm
Menstrual Cycle
ICSH
Vascularisation
Chemical methods
In vitro fertilisation
Luteal Phase
Puberty
Artificial
Insemination
Cyclic fertility
LH
Ovarian
hormones
Physical methods
FSH
Negative Feedback
ICSI
Ovulation
Testosterone
Endometrium
Menstrual Cycle
Sperm
Vascularisation
ICSH
Chemical methods
Puberty
Artificial
Insemination
In vitro fertilisation
Luteal Phase
Cyclic fertility
LH
Ovarian
hormones
Physical methods