Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Preview
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Section 2 Blood
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Concept Map
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Bellringer
Identify some of the organs and structures that work
with the heart.
Predict what might happen if the heart stopped
working.
Write your responses in your Science Journal.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
What You Will Learn
• The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart,
three types of blood vessels, and blood.
• Contractions of the heart pump blood throughout the
entire body.
• Cardiovascular problems include atherosclerosis,
high blood pressure, strokes, heart attacks, and heart
failure.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Your Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular system is an organ system
made up of your heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Cardio means “heart” and vascular means “blood
vessel.”
• The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the
circulatory system because it circulates materials
around the body.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Your Cardiovascular System, continued
• The cardiovascular system brings oxygen and
nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide
and other wastes.
• It also carries heat and chemical signals called
hormones throughout the body.
• These functions of the cardiovascular system help to
maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
The Heart
• Your heart is an organ about the size of your fist, and
made mostly of cardiac muscle tissue.
• Like all mammal hearts, your heart has a right side
and a left side, separated by a thick wall.
• Each side has an upper chamber (called an atrium)
and a lower chamber (called a ventricle).
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
The Heart, continued
• The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs. The left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to
the body.
• Flaplike structures called valves separate the atria
and ventricles. Valves prevent blood from flowing
backward.
• The “lub-dub” sound of a beating heart is caused by
the closing of the valves in the heart.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
• There are three types of blood vessels: arteries,
capillaries, and veins.
• Arteries A blood vessel that carries blood away from
the heart is an artery. The arteries have thick walls of
smooth muscle.
• Your pulse is caused by the rhythmic contractions of
the heart pumping blood into the arteries.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Capillaries A capillary is a tiny blood vessel that
allows exchanges between body cells and blood.
• The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick. This
makes it easy for oxygen and nutrients to reach each
cell.
• Capillaries also pick up wastes, including carbon
dioxide, from the cells.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels, continued
• Most body cells are no more than three or four cells
away from a capillary.
• Veins A vein is a blood vessel that carries blood
back to the heart. Valves in large veins prevent blood
from flowing backward.
• When skeletal muscles contract, they help to push
blood back toward the heart by squeezing nearby
veins.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Types of Blood Vessels
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Two Types of Circulation
• The circulation of blood between your heart and
lungs is called pulmonary circulation.
• The heart pumps blood to the lungs as it contracts. In
the lungs, oxygen enters the blood and carbon
dioxide leaves the blood.
• The oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs and
enters the left atrium.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Two Types of Circulation, continued
• The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood from the left
ventricle to the body.
• The circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of
the body is called systemic circulation.
• The return of blood from the body to the right atrium
of the heart is also part of systemic circulation.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Problems
• Problems with your cardiovascular system can affect
your entire body.
• Smoking, cholesterol, stress, inactivity, and heredity
can cause cardiovascular problems.
• Heart diseases are the leading cause of death in the
United States.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Problems, continued
• One major cause of heart diseases is
atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of cholesterol
and other lipids inside blood vessels.
• The blood vessels become blocked and less elastic.
• If an artery supplying blood to the heart is blocked,
the person may have a heart attack.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Atherosclerosis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Problems, continued
• Atherosclerosis may be caused in part by
hypertension, or high blood pressure.
• High blood pressure can cause a stroke if a blood
vessel in the brain becomes blocked or ruptures.
• During a stroke, part of the brain does not receive
oxygen, which causes brain cells to die.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Problems, continued
• High blood pressure can also cause other
cardiovascular problems, such as heart attacks and
heart failure.
• A heart attack happens when heart muscle cells do
not get enough blood and become starved for
oxygen.
• Without oxygen, heart muscles cells are damaged. If
enough cells are damaged, the heart may stop.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Problems, continued
• Heart failure happens when the heart is too weak to
pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
• Organs such as the brain, lungs, and kidneys may be
damaged due to lack of oxygen.
• Heart failure may also cause fluids and wastes to
build up, which can also damage organs.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Bellringer
The levels of organization of the human body are as
follows:
cells ---> tissues---> organs ---> organ systems--->
organism
Which level of organization does blood belong to?
Write your answer in your Science Journal.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
What You Will Learn
• Blood is a tissue that is made up of red blood cells,
white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
• Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the
inside walls of arteries.
• The loss of blood, mixing blood types, or blood
disorders can be fatal.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Components of Blood
• Blood is a connective tissue made up of plasma, red
blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
• Plasma Plasma is the fluid part of blood. It consists
of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and
other substances.
• Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are
carried along in the plasma.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Components of Blood, continued
• Red Blood Cells Most blood cells are red blood
cells, or RBCs for short.
• RBCs bring oxygen to every cell in your body.
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein that give
RBCs their red color.
• The oxygen gas you inhale clings to the hemoglobin
of the RBCs.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Components of Blood, continued
• Platelets Platelets are pieces of cells formed in bone
marrow.
• They float in the plasma and play an important role in
repairing damaged blood vessels.
• Platelets clump at the site of a cut, blocking the flow
of blood cells. They also release a signal to clotforming proteins.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Components of Blood, continued
• White Blood Cells White blood cells, or WBCs, help
keep you healthy by destroying pathogens.
• Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and other
microscopic particles. Some WBC slip out of blood
vessels to find and destroy pathogens.
• Other WBCs release antibodies, or chemical markers
that identify pathogens for destruction.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Components of Blood, continued
• White blood cells also destroy body cells that have
died or been damaged.
• Most white blood cells are made in bone marrow.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Body Temperature Regulation
• In addition to carrying oxygen and other materials,
blood helps to regulate body temperature.
• When you are hot, your blood vessels enlarge. Blood
flow to the skin is increased, which releases heat to
the environment.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Body Temperature Regulation, continued
• When you are cold, the blood vessels to the skin
narrow.
• This decreases the blood flow to the skin, and helps
prevent heat loss to the surrounding environment.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Pressure
• Blood is pumped from the heart with each
contraction. The rushing blood exerts pressure on the
arteries.
• The force of the blood on the inside walls of arteries
is called blood pressure.
• Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury
(mm Hg).
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Pressure, continued
• Typically, blood pressure is given in two numbers,
such as 110/70 mm Hg.
• The first number is the systolic pressure. This is the
pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract.
• The second number is the diastolic pressure. This is
the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles relax.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Pressure, continued
• For adults, a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg or
lower is healthy.
• High blood pressure can cause heart or kidney
damage, in addition to other health problems.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types
• Your blood type refers to the kinds of molecules you
have on the surface of your red blood cells. These
surface molecules are called antigens.
• Different blood types have different antigens.
Different blood types also may have different
antibodies in the plasma.
• Every person has one of four blood types: A, B, AB,
or O.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types, continued
• Antibodies may react to antigens by attaching
themselves to the foreign antigen.
• This causes clumping of the RBCs. The clumping
may block blood vessels.
• Mixing the wrong blood types in an individual can be
fatal.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types, continued
• The Rh antigen is another molecule that may be on
the surface of RBCs.
• A person with the Rh antigen is considered Rhpositive (Rh+). A person without the Rh antigen is
Rh-negative (Rh-)
• Mixing Rh+ and Rh- blood can cause blood cells to
clump.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Transfusions and Blood Types
• If a person loses blood from an injury or surgery, he
may need a transfusion.
• A transfusion is the injection of blood into a person to
replace lost blood.
• If enough blood is lost without replacement, shock
may result.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Transfusions and Blood Types, continued
• Shock occurs when cells do not get enough blood to
supply the needed oxygen and nutrients.
• Wastes may also build up without enough blood flow.
• If untreated, shock can lead to cell death. If too many
cells die, shock can be fatal.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Transfusions and Blood Types, continued
• Transfusions must be done very carefully to avoid
mixing incompatible blood types.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Disorders
• Two of the most common blood disorders are
hemophilia and leukemia.
• A person with hemophilia does not make the protein
needed to form blood clots.
• Even a small cut or bruise can cause considerable
blood loss.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 2 Blood
Blood Disorders, continued
• Leukemia is a cancer that affects blood cells. An
individual with leukemia may not have enough
healthy RBCs and WBCs.
• Leukemia is sometimes treated with a transfusion of
bone-marrow.
• The donor bone-marrow is often taken from the hip
bones of a healthy individual.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Bellringer
What would happen if a person’s lungs stopped
working?
Write your answer in your Science Journal.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
What You Will Learn
• The respiratory system includes the diaphragm,
lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nose.
• The respiratory system and the cardiovascular
system work together to supply oxygen and remove
carbon dioxide.
• Respiratory disorders include asthma, emphysema,
and SARS.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System
• Your body needs oxygen in order to get energy from
the foods you eat.
• Respiration is the process by which a body gains
and uses oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide and
water.
• Your body gets the oxygen your cells need by
breathing.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
• The cells use the oxygen from breathing to release
energy during cellular respiration. The cells give off
carbon dioxide as waste.
• The respiratory system is the group of organs that
take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
• The nose, throat, lungs, and passageways that lead
to the lungs make up the respiratory system.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
• Your nose is the main passageway for air to enter or
exit the respiratory system.
• From the nose, air flows through the pharynx, or
throat. The pharynx splits into two tubes. One is the
esophagus, which leads to the stomach.
• The other tube is the trachea, or windpipe, which
leads to the lungs.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
• At the top of the trachea is the larynx. The larynx is
the part of the throat that contains the vocal cords.
• The vocal cords are a pair of elastic bands that
stretch across they larynx.
• Air flow causes the cords to vibrate. Muscles
connected to the larynx change the pitch of the
sound.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
• The trachea splits into two branches called bronchi
(singular, bronchus). One bronchus connects to each
lung.
• Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller
tubes, eventually forming tiny bronchioles.
• In the lungs each bronchiole branches to form tiny
sacs that are called alveoli (singular, alveolus).
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Breathing
• Your lungs have no muscles of their own. A domeshaped muscle beneath the lungs called the
diaphragm and your rib muscles do the work.
• As the diaphragm contracts, it moves down. This
enlarges the chest cavity and causes you to inhale.
• Exhaling is the process in reverse.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Breathing and Cellular Respiration
• Breathing, blood, and cellular respiration all work
together to release energy from food to power your
cells.
• As you inhale, oxygen is brought into the lungs. The
oxygen passes into capillaries and is carried through
the body by red blood cells.
• The RBCs bring oxygen to the cells, where cells use
the oxygen to release energy from food.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Breathing and Cellular Respiration, continued
• The process of cellular respiration uses oxygen and
gives off water and carbon dioxide as waste.
• The carbon dioxide is carried in the blood stream
back to the lungs, where it is exhaled out of the body.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Disorders
• Millions of people suffer from respiratory disorders.
These disorders include asthma, emphysema, and
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
• Asthma causes the bronchioles to narrow. This
makes breathing difficult.
• An asthma attack may be triggered by irritants such
as dust or pollen.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Disorders, continued
• Emphysema is damage to the alveoli. SARS is
caused by a virus. A person with SARS may have a
fever and difficulty breathing.
• People with respiratory disorders have trouble getting
the oxygen they need.
• They may feel tired all the time. They may also buildup toxic levels of carbon dioxide.
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Emphysema
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
arteries
cardiovascular system
bronchi
alveoli
capillaries
respiratory system
cellular respiration
blood
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Concept Map
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main
Chapter 16
Circulation and Respiration
Concept Map
< Back
Next >
Preview
Main