States of Consciousness
2-4%
“And then
suddenly, I saw
this bright light
at the end of
the tunnel.”
Summary Outline
• A. Sleep and Dreaming
• B. Hypnosis
• C. Psychoactive Drug Affects
A. Sleep and Dreaming
All animals need to sleep
A. EEG and sleep
EEG Recordings
• Frequency
• How fast ups and
downs occur
• Amplitude
• Distance between a
peak and a trough
Stages of Sleep
Unit V. States of Consciousness
Characteristics of EEG sleep
Stage
Frequency
Amplitude
Wave Form
stages
(cycles /
second)
Stage I
4-8
50-100
Theta
Waves
Stage II
8 - 15
50-150
Spindle
Waves
Stage II
2-4
100-150
Slow waves
plus
splindles
Stage IV
0.5 - 2
100-200
Unit V. States of Consciousness
Delta
Waves
Need for Sleep
• Preservation and Protection
Theory
• Sleep Preserves energy
• Stay out of harm’s way during
dangerous or unproductive parts of
the day
• Restorative Theory of Sleep
• Body needs to recovery from the day
• Muscles and brain relax during sleep as
if resting up
• Sleep Deprivation
• Complete sleep deprivation prevents
healing in rats, then kills them
• Circadian Rhythms
• Daily cycle of energy and relaxtion
Functions of Sleep
• Lowering metabolic
rate conserves
energy
• Reduces the risk of
thermal
disequilibrium
during the coldest
part of the day
• New learning
processes are
inactivated which
allows us to:
• Reorganize and
more efficiently
store the
information already
in the brain
Functions of sleep
• Homeostasis
(constancy)
• Need for Alertness
• Fluctuates despite
•
our best efforts
• Occasionally fails
completely
• Sleep helps to
restore
• Heteroplasticity
(capacity to change
in response to
changing
circumstances)
• Information
processing
Replenishment of
Neurotransmitters
• During REM sleep
• Most neurons
decrease activity
slightly in sleep
• A small minority of
neurons cease
firing altogether
• Aminergic Neurons
• Norepinephrine-
and Serotoninreleasing neurons
• Located in the
locus coeruleus and
raphe nuclei
Ach has a concurrent
increase during
REM sleep
Neuronal Replenishment theory suggest
that:
• Norepinephrine and serotonin are
involved in alertness
• The producing neurons are inactive
during REM sleep
• The brain produces these
transmitters during sleep
• Which explains the refreshed
feelings when we awake
Dreaming
Dreams: Content, Lucid Dreaming
Meaning of Dreams
• Wish fulfillment (Freud)
• Activation-synthesis (Hobson &
McCarley)
• Information Processing, Problem-Solving
Daydreams and Fantasies
Sleep Disorders
•
•
•
•
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Somnambulism
Sleep and Dreaming Activities
Neuroscience for Kids
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chsleep.html
• Activity 1: Keep a "SLOG" (Sleep Log)
• Dream Journal Worksheet
• Sleep Journal Worksheet
• Activity 2: Be an REM Detective
• Activity 3: Drop off or Drift off?
• Activity 4: Sleep Latency
B. Hypnosis
•
•
•
•
•
Hypnotic susceptibility
Age regression
Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia
Meditation
Theories of Hypnosis:
•
•
•
•
Deep relaxation
Role playing
State theory
Dissociation theory
C. Psychoactive Drug
Affects
• Agonists (Mimic)
• Antagonists (Block)
Abuse
• Drug Use / Drug Abuse / Dependence
• Psychological dependence
• Physical dependence
• Addiction
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
Indicators of severity
• Age
• Early initiation of drug use is a predictor
• Solitary Drug Use
• Solitary use is more indicative than
social use
• Means of Acquiring Drugs
• Purchasing from Strangers
• Users often say they share
• What was given in return?
• Motivation for Drug Use
• Reduce stress / Build self-esteem
• Rebelliousness
• Peer pressure / Desire to be sociable
• Use of Multiple Drugs
• Behavior While Under the Influence
of Drugs
• Associated with traffic violations,
pranks, shoplifting, fights
Class
Effects
Opiates /
Narcotics
Heroin
Morphine
Codeine
Opiods
Depressants
Alcohol
Sedatives
Barbiturates
Tranquilizer
Stimulants
Caffeine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Nicotine
Psychedelics
LSD
Mescaline
Marijuana
Hashish
Phencyclidine