Ancient History
The Ancient World: a case study
of Lake Mungo
Research guide
Year 11
Student Name:_____________________________________________
Teacher Name:_____________________________________________
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 - Lesson 1/34
Preamble:
We, as a class, acknowledge and
recognise the Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people, of this country and
their elders past and present, as the
traditional owners and managers for
Australia.
TASK:
Think about this statement. We will be having a class discussion on your hypothesis, your educated opinion on this topic in week 7. Over the first 6 weeks
of this study you will be given access to resources that will allow you to develop your hypothesis.
Extension Task: Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a 400 word essay with four references, 2 primary sources and 2 secondary sources,
to explain your hypothesis.
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 - Lesson 1/34
Unit Overview: This unit involves an investigation of
how the ancient world has been interpreted and
represented. Students will investigate the Lake Mungo
archaeological site and explore these interpretations
and representations of Australian Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people, their history and culture. This
unit focuses on issues relevant to the investigation of
the ancient world and builds on the historical skills
students garnered from Year 7 – 10.
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Week 1 - Lesson 1/34
Weekly Lesson Overview
• Week 1; Classroom expectations, access ICT for study guide,
Choose ICT Champions to act as buddies, Assessment tasks;
formative and summative, Form collaborative groups, Key words,
concepts and terms, Background to Ancient History and its study,
context for this case study: Lake Mungo archaeological site,
mapping task, weekly quiz and further resources, Hypothesis
writing, Consolidation Quiz Fridays.
• Week 2; Living conditions, Social construction and differences,
The global context of early human settlements, Egypt 12,000
years ago, Mini maths lesson (Integer Maths Practice) , Source
analysis, Environment transformation, Preparation for
presentation assessment task
• Week 6; Differences in representations, by Scientists, of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and how the
discoveries at Lake Mungo changed this, Source Analysis
evaluation review, Data analysis
• Week 7; Watch Social Exclusion Power Point presentation: ‘Myths
of Aus’ class discussion on identity and how representations from
the Ancient world have informed attitudes and views in modern
context. Consolidate how to write hypothesis, using preamble on
page 2, and source analysis, consolidation quiz of the Lake
Mungo archaeological site.
• Week 3; Science: facts or fiction, Authority and interpretation,
mini lesson – data, tables and correlation, Source analysis,
Scientific theories prior to 1970
• Week 8; the British Museum, Australian Museums,
Archaeological sites in Australia today, Joint management of
archaeological sites
• Week 4; Cultural heritage – whose? And what does it mean?,
Social Darwinism as applied to cultural heritage, The current state
of repatriation of remains
• Week 9; Review and edit Research guide and written research
assignment, hand in all assessment tasks, Completion of
extension tasks, Final Consolidation quiz
• Week 5; Review and catch up for presentation task,
Presentations, Hypothesis review and consolidation lesson
• Week 10; Students with low ability, students with missed
assignments or absenteeism will be able to catch up on study
guide research book activities, catch up on weekly quizzes,
complete research assignments and tasks
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Week 1
Lesson 1/34
Assessment Tasks:
Assessment Task 2
Assessment Task 1
Written Research Assignment
Presentation Task:
This assessment task is aimed at students developing a strong
understanding of the use historical skills to investigate different
representations of the ancient world, and use a range of evidence to
support and communicate a historical explanation or argument.
• Students work in mixed ability collaborative groups to design a 90
sec – 1 minute speech or presentation, with audio, on: a timeline
contrast between Egyptian people and Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Australians 12,000 years ago.
This will be highly scaffolded speech structure.
Task Due week 4
Format: Multimedia or Poster presentation to class
Timing: 3mins
Word Count: 500
This assessment is aimed at students developing a strong cultural
understanding of how the anthropological site of Lake Mungo in
Australia has been interpreted and represented in Australia and the
global context and the impact of these representations have had on
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
They will do this by;
• Investigating the reasons why one key idea emerged or developed
regarding these people
• The long term impacts of one of these ideas in the Australian
context.
Task Due week 9
After researching your key idea or topic you will present your
findings as a formal academic essay. Your essay must include the
following:
Format: Academic Essay
Incorporates quotes and references from at least 6 sources, minimum
4 primary and 2 secondary sources.
Has a bibliography
Word Count: 800 – 1000
Ancient History - Year 11
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Inquiry questions for this unit:
1.
The interpretation and representation, by archaeologists and
anthropologists, of early human settlements, in Australia, led theories of
development and beliefs regarding Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people. What were the impacts of these representations for these
people?
2.
Who should have the final say in what happens to archaeological sites
and their artefacts or remains?
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 Lesson 1/34
Weekly Key words, concepts
and terms: week 1
• archaeological
• hominids
• cremated
• funerary ceremony
• human habitation
• red ochre
• Hypothesis
• KYA
Access the internet to locate a definition for the Key words, concepts and terms
REMEMBER to reference your work (where did you find your answers)
Write your answers (in your own words) on the next page
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Week 1 - Lesson 1/34
Write/type your rephrased definitions for all key words terms and concepts here.
• archaeological
• human habitation
• Hominids
• red ochre
• cremated
• Hypothesis
• funerary ceremony
• Preamble
• KYA
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 - Lesson 1/34
http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/~/media/NPWS/Images/Parks/Mungo-National-Park/walls-of-china-images/walls-of-china-01.ashx" />
Lake Mungo is a dry lake located in south-eastern Australia, in the south-western portion of New South Wales. It is about 760 km
due west of Sydney and 90 km north-east of Mildura. The lake is the central feature of Mungo National Park, and is one of
seventeen lakes in the World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region. Many important archaeological findings have been made at
the lake, most significantly the discovery of the remains of Mungo Man, the oldest human remains found in Australia and Mungo
Lady, the oldest human remains in the world to be ritually cremated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mungo
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 Lesson 1/34
The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site in the Far West
region of New South Wales, Australia. The Willandra Lakes Region is
the traditional meeting place of the Muthi Muthi, Nyiampaar and
Barkinji Aboriginal tribes.
The 240,000-hectare (590,000-acre) area was inscribed on the World
Heritage List in 1981.
Part of the Willandra Lakes system:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Lake Mulurulu,
Willandra Creek,
Garnpung Lake,
Lake Leaghur,
Lake Mungo,
Lake Arumpo,
Chibnalwood Lakes
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willandra_Lakes_Region)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Willandra_Lakes.png
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The most important findings at Lake Mungo have been Mungo Man and Mungo Lady. Mungo
Lady, a partially cremated body, was discovered in 1969 by Dr Jim Bowler from the Australian
National University (ANU).
Mungo Lady was only partially cremated before the remainder of her bones were crushed.
The time that was taken into her burial is demonstration of complex funerary ceremony. She
was initially estimated to be 25,000 years old, although a more recent multi-university study
in 2003 determined that she was probably closer to 40,000 years old. Mungo Lady is thus the
earliest known human to have been cremated. Mungo Man was also discovered by Dr
Bowler, on 26 February 1974.
The remains were covered with red ochre, in what is the earliest known incidence of such a
burial practice. Red ochre is commonly used in burials for ritualistic purposes. The site was
dated using OSL dating, or luminescence dating. The site is dated to be 60 KYA.
(http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mungo
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 – Reflections
What have I learnt? What did I already know?
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What do I want to learn? What do I need to know?
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What questions do I have? Am I clear on what I am required to do?
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Week 1 Lesson 2/34
Guide to Hypothesis writing for Assessment task 2
The development of a hypothesis is very important in Ancient History. It is the basis
for how we form our research questions and how we argue or prove our point of
view.
It can be a difficult task so please use these examples to guide your development of
your written research assignment.
Your hypothesis needs to be specific, relevant and timely. It needs to be based on
facts that your have researched. It is an educated opinion. You will need to show
relevant, valid and authentic evidence of your hypothesis or educated opinion.
You will need to support it with references to your sources of information.
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Week 1 Lesson 2/34
Hypothesis examples:
Poorly written
Well written
Droughts in Australia cause hardships for farmers.
While this is a fact of life for farmers it is too broad a statement to make a
good hypothesis
The hardship of droughts in the 1980s caused many South – East Queensland farmers to
reassess the viability of their farming methods.
This is good yet we can improve it by being very specific? What particular farming methods?
Droughts in Australia during the 1980s caused hardship to farmers.
This is still too broad a theme to make research on this theme specific and
defined.
Is it all farmers across Australia in the 1980s that you are wanting to
provide a hypothesis for?
The hardship of droughts in the 1980s caused many South – East Queensland farmers to
reassess the viability of monocultural agriculture.
This is very specific. We have identified in our question the time, place and people that our
hypothesis is discussing along with the specific issue and theme we are discussing. This will make
research easier.
A questions this broad would be difficult to research or prove one way or
another.
Use this space to practise writing your own
Hypothesis.
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Week 1 lesson 2/34
Formulating a Hypothesis
To begin your process of formulating a hypothesis you will need to think about what you wish to study.
Our model text will be the preamble on page 2 of this study guide.
You will need to do some preliminary readings to focus your research question.
For example the preamble on page 2. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
Depending on your point of view you will now need to find sources that reflect your belief.
Remember that a hypothesis is an educated opinion.
You will need to evaluate your sources and we will learn more about primary and secondary sources
and source evaluation in lesson 1 week 2.
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Week 1 lesson 2/34
STEP 1: What is my topic? What am I investigating?
Who or what am I writing about, when did this happen, where did this happen.
What do I think happened? Do I agree or disagree with a statement. How do I prove my
point?
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Week 1 Lesson 3/34
Essay writing resources: PETAL Paragraph structure
P
Point
The statement outlining the key focus area or your topic.
E
Explanation
An explanation of the key focus area or your topic.
T
The Evidence
An explanation of the sources and information used to
support the key focus area or your topic
A
Analysis
An analysis of the evidence and the key focus area and how
they relate to each other.
L
Link
This is the link to the key focus area or your topic
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Week 1 Lesson 3/34
Essay writing resources: Topic Sentence Task sheet
Response in the affirmative for the preamble:
P -This hypothesis acknowledges and recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as
the traditional owners and managers of Australia.
E - This is because the research from sites like Lake Mungo provide evidence that Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people have been living in Australia for over 40,000 years.
T - Human remains and other artefacts from this site have been dated, using recognised scientific
methods, and this confirms Lake Mungo as a site of human habitation for aeons.
A - These artefacts along with oral history recounts by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
in this region indicate a continuing relationship with this country.
L- It is respectful to acknowledge this relationship and recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people, their history and cultural heritage, past and present.
Ancient History - Year 11
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Week 1 Lesson 3/34
Essay writing resources: Topic Sentence Task sheet
TASK
LESSON INTENT: Using the preamble from page 2 of the research guide construct a paragraph to Name:
explain your hypothesis for this statement – Do you agree or disagree
You will use this for discussion in week 7
Topic Sentence
TASKS:
Time period identified
PETAL
On the next slide/page: 21
1. Place the correct capital letter in the boxes so the
following sentences are in order to form a coherent
PETAL paragraph.
Tense
Past event/ practices
Need to use past tense
-ed suffix indicating past tense
Was - past tense of is
P - The statement outlining the key
focus area or your topic.
E - An explanation of the key focus
area or your topic.
T - An explanation of the sources and
information used to support
the key focus area or your
topic
A - An analysis of the evidence and
the key focus area and how
they relate to each other.
L - This is the link to the key focus
area or your topic
2. On page 22 of this study guide Students will use the
PETAL structure to create a paragraph explaining their
hypothesis.
Ancient History - Year 11
Connectives
Words that signal addition
Alternatives to "and"

as well as

was also

because
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Week 1 Lesson 3/34
Task: place the correct capital letter in the boxes so the following sentences are in order to form a coherent PETAL paragraph.
Structure
Title: Lake Mungo case study
Topic Sentence
Time period identified
This is because the research from sites like Lake Mungo provide evidence that
P – POINT
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have been living in Australia for over 40,000
The statement outlining the key focus
years.
area or your topic.
E – EXPLANATION
An explanation of the key focus area
or your topic.
Human remains and other artefacts from this site have been dated, using
recognised scientific methods, and this confirms Lake Mungo as a site of human
habitation for aeons.
T – THE EVIDENCE
These artefacts along with oral history recounts by Aboriginal and Torres Strait
An explanation of the sources and
Islander people in this region indicate a continuing relationship with this country.
information used to support
the key focus area or your
topic
A – ANALYSIS
It is respectful to acknowledge this relationship and recognise Aboriginal and
An analysis of the evidence and the
Torres Strait Islander people, their history and cultural heritage, past and present.
key focus area and how they
relate to each other.
L – LINK
This is the link to the key focus area or
This hypothesis acknowledges and recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait
your topic
Islander people as the traditional owners and managers of Australia.
Ancient History - Year 11
Tense
Past event/ practices
Need to use past tense
-ed suffix indicating past tense
Was/ were - past tense of is/are
Connectives
Words that signal additional
information
Alternatives to "and"
 as well as
 was also
 because
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Week 1 Lesson 3/34
My Hypothesis
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Lesson 4/34 Friday computer lab
Homo sapiens seem to have appeared in East Africa around 200,000 years ago. The oldest individuals found left their
marks in the Omo remains (195,000 years ago) and the Homo sapiens (160,000 years ago), that was found at the Middle
Awash site in Ethiopia.[10]
When modern humans reached the Near East 125,000 years ago, evidence suggests they retreated back to Africa, as
their settlements were replaced by Neanderthals. It is now believed that the first modern humans to spread east across
Asia left Africa about 75,000 years ago. From the Near East, some of these people went east to South Asia by 50,000
years ago, and on to Australia by 46,000 years ago at the latest, when for the first time H. sapiens reached territory never
reached by H. erectus. H. sapiens reached Europe around 43,000 years ago, eventually replacing the Neanderthal
population by 24,000 years ago.
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Week 1 lesson 4/34
Key words, terms and concepts
Add words here to look up in Monday’s lesson
Word/term/concept
Meaning
Homo sapiens
Neanderthals
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Week 1 - Lesson 4/34
TASK:
Locate Lake Mungo on the
Interactive map, using the link
provided:
http://mapmaker.education.nationalgeographic.com/?ls=000000000000
and mark it on this blank map
Extension Task: upload a more
detailed map of this region with
Lake mungo marked on it and
save it to your copy of this study
guide.
Email this copy to
possum@edu.au by Friday week
2
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Open the hyperlink: http://www.galacticresonance.org/marcahuasi-project-public-google-mapscollection-of-worldwide-archaeological-sites
Now look at the world map of sites. Click on one of the markers and locate information for the site you
have selected.
Now enter the site name and relevant information on the blank map on the next slide (p.27)
No more than 150 words
Do Not cut and paste the text information – you need to reword the information using extended
sentences
Ancient History - Year 11
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Ancient History - Year 11
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Lesson 4/34 Friday Quiz
Mungo Lady & Mungo Man
Using the hyperlink below watch and answer questions, using extended sentence responses, in table provided.
http://www.abc.net.au/archives/80days/stories/2012/01/19/3411523.htm
Mungo Lady:
• How old are these remains?
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• When were her remains
discovered?
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Mungo Man
MORE QUESTIONS TO BE
DEVELOPED
• 10 in all
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Week 2 Lesson overview
•
Lesson 1: Computer Lab: Analysis and use of sources; Identify the origin,
purpose and context of historical sources (ACHAH007) begin research of
sources for analysis in lesson 2 & 3,
•
Lesson 2: Analyse, interpret and synthesise evidence from different types of
sources to develop and sustain a historical argument (ACHAH008)
•
Lesson3: Evaluate the reliability, usefulness and contestability of sources to
develop informed judgments that support a historical argument (ACHAH009)
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Week 2 Lesson 1
There is evidence of human habitation of the area around Lake Mungo that is as much as 50,000 years old. Stone
tools have been found in the dunes which are older than the Mungo Man. Grinders for making flour have been found
which are estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 years old; they were made of sandstone sourced from the
Murray River basin 100 km away.
A stone axe head, estimated to be at least 500 years old, was also found in the dunes; it was made from stone from
Mount Camel, near Shepparton, well over 300 km away.
Genetic evidence has supported the theory of multiple waves of hominids moving into Australia. The migration is
believed to consist of two groups moving into the continent at different periods. This would imply that hominids
before 60 kya had the knowledge and skill to create a sturdy and sophisticated sea craft in order to sail all the way to
Australia.
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Week 2 Lesson 1
Locate, on Internet, pictures of stone tools from this site. Use the internet or magazines that have been
provided to paste these on this page.
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Week 2 Lesson 1
The different years for which artefacts and the remains were found puts into debate the actual time in which Australia
was inhabited. If it was inhabited 60 thousand years or over, it puts in question the theory that all civilizations derived
from Africa.
If, however, Mungo Man and Mungo Lady truly are evidence that Australia has only been inhabited for about 50,000
years, the theory of Africa is stronger than ever. This would put Mungo Man and Mungo Lady's civilization in the same
time frame as other civilizations that were just beginning to settle outside of Africa.[5]
The discovery of these remains is important to Archaeology because we discover the beginnings of cremation as a
burial ritual and in addition we find more evidence for the "out of Africa" theory.
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Week 2 Lesson 1
What is the significance of this sites age?
Discuss this question using extended sentence responses.
Word Limit: 300
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Week 2 Lesson 1
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The rich archaeological heritage of the site is very
significant to the Aboriginal Australian people from the
area.
The Willandra region is inhabited by the Barkindji,
Nyiampaa and Mutthi Mutthi peoples, who have now
entered Joint Management Agreements with the
Government of New South Wales to manage the lake and
the Mungo National Park.
http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/Conservation-programs/mungo-national-park-joint-management-program
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Name the Aboriginal people who are responsible for this site and its management?
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What form of management is in place at this site?
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To prepare for your presentation task, creating a timeline that contrasts Egyptian early
human settlement to Australian Indigenous people at 12,000 years ago, we will review
integers.
Negative numbers
In mathematics, a negative number is a real number that is less than zero. Negative numbers represent opposites. If positive represents
movement to the right, negative represents movement to the left. If positive represents above sea level, then negative represents below level.
Negative numbers are used to describe values on a scale that goes below zero, such as the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales for temperature.
Negative numbers represent opposites. If positive represents movement to the right, negative represents movement to the left. If positive
represents above sea level, then negative represents below level. In a timeline zero represents ……..
en.wikipedia.org
Follow this link to find a timeline about Indigenous Australian culture
http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline#axzz3ozGWmpm2
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http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--7DExi_oj--/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/18666jebis5bljpg.jpg
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Further Readings:
REFERENCES:
Ancient bones found at Lake Mungo
http://www.abc.net.au/archives/80days/stories/2012/01/19/3411523.htm
Distance calculator Sydney to Lake Mungo". Geoscience Australia.
Negative numbers en.wikipedia.org
New age for Mungo Man, new human history : Media Releases :The University of Melbourne
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0224_030224_mungoman_2.html
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