ERT 446 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2
THESIS FORMAT
PREPARED BY;
SYAZWANI MAHMAD PUZI
SCHOOL OF BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
NUMBER OF PAGES
 Chapter 1 = 3-4 pages
 Chaper 2 = 10-15 pages
 Chapter 3 = 8-10 pages
 Chapter 4 = 10-15 pages
 Chapter 5 = 2-3 pages
 References = 2-3 pages
Total pages Chap 1-References 35-50 pages
1. TYPING
Space
1.5 spacing
Format file
MS Word (doc.)
Font
Times New Roman
Size Font
12 point
Figure/Table caption –Font Size
12 point (single spacing for long
tables, long equation, notes, footnotes
& reference enteries.)
Margin
Top edge: 2.5 cm or 1 inch
Right side: 2.5 cm or 1 inch
Left Side: 3.5 cm or 1.35 inch
Bottom edge : 2.5 cm or 1 inch
Numbering
Center at bottom edge
TAB
1 cm
2. SUBDIVISON
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
Background of Study
Problems Statement
Objectives
3-5 pages
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Example 1:
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Biolubricant
2.1.1 Type of Biolubricant
2.1.2 Source of Biolubricant
2.1.2 Physico-chemical Properties of Biolubricant
Jatropha curcas
2.2.1 Source of Jatropha curcas
2.2.1.1 Jatropha curcas from Malaysia
2.2.1.2 Jatropha curcas from Indonesia
Oil Blend
2.3.1
Application of Oil Blend
2.3.1
Advantages Oil Blend As Biolubricant
Design of Experiment (DOE)
Kinetic Study of Oil Blend
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Example 2:
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
1 paragraph of introduction
3.1
Materials
3.2
Oil Extraction
3.3
Determination of Physico-chemical Properties Of Oil Extraction
3.3.1
Total Fat Content
3.3.2
Acid Value
3.3.3
Peroxide value
3.4
Determination of Physico-chemical Properties Of Oil Blend
3.4.1
Total Fat Content
3.4.2
Acid Value
3.4.3
Peroxide value
3.5
Oil Blending
3.6
Screening of Oil Blend (JCO+Safflower Oil)
3.7
Optimization of Oil Blend (JCO_Safflower Oil)
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Example 3:
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Comparison of Physico-chemical Properties-Before and After
Blending
Fatty Acid Composition
Functional Group Identification – FTIR
Screening of Effect Parameters – Oil Blending
Optimization of Oil Blending
Characterization of Oil Blend as Biolubricant Application
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1
5.2
5.3
Summary
Recommendation for Future Project
Commercialization Potential
3- 4 Pages
3. TABLES
Position
Center on the pages within
perscribed margin
Caption
On the above table
Spacing
Number of Table
According to the chapter
where the table would be.
Long table (if exceed more than 1
page)
Write as:
Table 1.2 Continue at upper table
for the next page.
Example 4: Non-numbering Style
Table 3.1: Recommended sample weights of oxirane oxygen
determination.
Expected Oxirane Oxygen Content (OOC)
Weight of sample (g)
1 to 4
1.0 to 0.8
4 to 8
0.8 to 0.4
8 to 12
0.4 to 0.25
12 to 16
0.25 to 0.20
16 to 20
0.20 to 0.15
Source: Swern et al. (2010).
12 point Times New Romans (single spacing for
long tables, long equation, notes, footnotes &
reference enteries.)
Example 5: Numbering Style
Table 3.1: Recommended sample weights of oxirane oxygen
determination [4].
Expected Oxirane Oxygen Content (OOC)
Weight of sample (g)
1 to 4
1.0 to 0.8
4 to 8
0.8 to 0.4
8 to 12
0.4 to 0.25
12 to 16
0.25 to 0.20
16 to 20
0.20 to 0.15
You may choose either non-numbering or
numbering style in your thesis writing
Example 6: If your table exceed more than 1 page, the
caption for the continues table only type as below:
Table 3.1: Continue
Expected Oxirane Oxygen Content (OOC)
Weight of sample (g)
1 to 4
1.0 to 0.8
4 to 8
0.8 to 0.4
8 to 12
0.4 to 0.25
12 to 16
0.25 to 0.20
16 to 20
0.20 to 0.15
Source: Swern et al. (2010).
Any table/figure/etc that you mention in the thesis must be
appear/explain in the text of any paragraph of any chapter.
The position of the table either before or after the explanation.
4. FIGURES
Position
Center on the pages within
perscribed margin
Caption
Below the figure
Number of Figure
According to the chapter
where the table would be.
Spacing
12 font Times New Roman (Single
Spacing)
Figures copy from others sources
Write as: Figure 1.1
Photograph by your owned
Write as: Plate 1.1
Format of your figures
.jpeg Or .tiff
Size of your figures
≤ 10 cm x 10 cm
Example 7:
Re-type by
using
insert text in
MSWords.
Border:
Black
1 – 1.5 weight
Figure 1.1: Production of Jatropha Seed Oil
Source: Swern et al. (2010).
Example 8:
Border:
Black
1 – 1.5 weight
Figure 1.1: Production of Jatropha Seed Oil [4].
Example 9:
If this figure not clear, you need to re-draw if it is necessary.
Example 10:
Plate 1.1: Milk clotting.
Example 11:
Figure 1.2: Transesterification reaction.
Source: Swern et al. (2010).
If
the
figure
from
internet/journal/etc
not
clear
please
used
chemdraw
software to sketch it.
O
O
R
OH
+
R"
R"O
R
OH
+
R'O
Figure 1.2: Transesterification reaction.
Source: Swern et al. (2010).
R
http://www.cambridgesoft.com/Ensemble_for_Chemistry/ChemDraw/
http://scistore.cambridgesoft.com/ScistoreSoftwareDisplay.aspx?Trial=Trial/
http://www.acdlabs.com/resources/freeware/chemsketch/
4. Equations
The procedure for determination of peroxide value was started with 2 g of sample was weighted into
the 250 mL flask. The corrected ratio 3:2 of acetic acid –chloroform was added into the flask. Then, 0.5 mL
of saturated potassium iodide was added and swirling the solution in 1 minute before adding of 30 mL
distilled water. After that, 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate solutions were titrating gradually and vigorously
shaking. The titration step was finished when a blue colour just disappears. Besides that, for sample contain
high peroxide value, 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate solution was titrated until yellow iodine colour has most
disappeared before starch indicator was added to continues titration until colour just almost disappears.
Finally, blank test was carried out using the same procedure. Finally the peroxide value was calculated
using Equation 3.10 (Salimon et al. 2006).
Peroxide value = (Vs-Vb ) N x 1000
W
Where,
Vs=Volume in milliliters, of the sodium thiosulphate solution of normality N,
used for determination
Vb= Volume in milliliters of the sodium thiosulphate solution used for the blank
test
W=Weight in grams of the test portion
N is the normality of the sodium thiosulphate solution
(3.10)
4. References-Journal: 1 Author
Author Name. Year. Article Title. Name of Journal. Edition(month
or no. publishing). Page number.
Example 12:
Cermak, V. (1975). Combined Heat Flow and Heat Measurements
in the Bohemian Generation Massif, Journal of
Geothermics, 4(3), pp. 19-26.
In thesis writing Non-numbering system:
The scope of peroxide value test is suitable for all normal fats and oils. In application,
peroxide value can be used as an indicator to measure early oxidation process products
(Salimon, 2006).
OR
According to Salimon (2006) the scope of peroxide value test is suitable for all
normal fats and oils. In application, peroxide value can be used as an indicator to measure
early oxidation process products.
4. References-Journal: 1 Author
Author Name. Year. Article Title. Name of Journal. Edition(month
or no. publishing). Page number.
Example 13: One Author
Cermak, V. (1975). Combined Heat Flow and Heat Measurements
in the Bohemian Generation Massif, Journal of
Geothermics, 4(3), pp. 19-26.
In thesis writing Numbering system:
The scope of peroxide value test is suitable for all normal fats and oils. In application,
peroxide value can be used as an indicator to measure early oxidation process products [5].
According to Salimon [5], the scope of peroxide value test is suitable for all normal
fats and oils. In application, peroxide value can be used as an indicator to measure early
oxidation process products.
4. References-Journal: 2
Authors
Example 14:
Cermak, C.S. and Isbell, T.A. (2009), Synthesis and physical
properties of mono-estolides with varying chain lenghts,
Industrial Crops and Products, 29, pp. 205-213.
In thesis writing Non-numbering system:
Synthesis of long chain capped estolide was conducted without
solvent in 1000 mL three neck flask (Cermak and Isbell, 2009).
OR
Cermak and Isbell (2009) stated that, synthesis of long chain capped
estolide was conducted without solvent in 1000 mL three neck flask.
4. References-Journal: 2
Authors
Example 15:
Cermak, C.S. and Isbell, T.A. (2009), Synthesis and physical
properties of mono-estolides with varying chain lenghts,
Industrial Crops and Products, 29, pp. 205-213.
In thesis writing Numbering system:
Synthesis of long chain capped estolide was conducted without
solvent in 1000 mL three neck flask [5].
OR
Cermak and Isbell [5] stated that, synthesis of long chain capped
estolide was conducted without solvent in 1000 mL three neck flask.
4. References-Journal: More 2
Authors
Example 16:
Isbell, T.A., Lowery, B.A., DeKeyser, S.S., Winchell, M.L. and
Cermak, S.C. (2006),Physical properties of triglyeceride
estolides from lesquerella and castor oils, Industrial Crops
and Products, 23(4), pp. 255-263.
In thesis writing Non-numbering system:
Lesquerella and castor triglyceride estolides improved the
physical properties (Isbell et al., 2009).
OR
Isbell et al. (2009) conclude that, Lesquerella and castor
triglyceride estolides improved the physical properties
4. References-Journal: More 2
Authors
Example 17:
Isbell, T.A., Lowery, B.A., DeKeyser, S.S., Winchell, M.L. and
Cermak, S.C. (2006),Physical properties of triglyeceride
estolides from lesquerella and castor oils, Industrial Crops
and Products, 23(4), pp. 255-263.
In thesis writing Non-numbering system:
Lesquerella and castor triglyceride estolides improved the
physical properties (Isbell et al., 2009).
OR
Isbell et al. (2009) conclude that, Lesquerella and castor
triglyceride estolides improved the physical properties
4. References-Journal: More 2
Authors
Example 18:
Isbell, T.A., Lowery, B.A., DeKeyser, S.S., Winchell, M.L. and
Cermak, S.C. (2006),Physical properties of triglyeceride
estolides from lesquerella and castor oils, Industrial Crops
and Products, 23(4), pp. 255-263.
In thesis writing Numbering system:
Lesquerella and castor triglyceride estolides improved the
physical properties [5]
OR
Isbell et al. [5] conclude that, Lesquerella and castor
triglyceride estolides improved the physical properties
4. References: Conference or
Proceeding
Author(s), (year). Article Title, Name of conference, Location of
conference, page number.
Example 19:
Kua Lay Chim, Rozaini Abdullah, Zarina Zakaria & Huzairy Hassan, (2012).
Studies Of Potential Plant Parts Of Kesinai (Streblus Asper) For
Protease Production, Proceeding Malaysian International
Conference on Trends in Bioprocess Engineering, Kedah,
Langkawi, pp 105-115.
4. References: Books
Author(s), (year). Title of book in italic, Edition number, Name of
publisher, publication.
Example 20:
Sze, S.M. (2012). Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, United Kingdom.
4. References: Thesis
Author(s), (year). Title thesis in italic, Type of publication, Name
of institution, country.
Example 21:
Sze, S.M. (2012). The production of glucose from paddy straw,
MSc. Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia.
4. References List: Nonnumbering system
Swern,
D., Thomas, W.F., Geraldine, N.B., and John T.S. (1947).
Determination of oxirane oxygen, Eastern Regional Research
laboratory, Philadelphia 18.
Tan, S.G., and Chow, W.S. (2010). Biobased epoxidized vegetable oils and
its
greener epoxy blends : a review, Polymer-Plastic Technology and Engineering, 49,
pp. 1581-1590.
Wagner, H., Luther, R., and Theo, M. ( 2001). Lubricant base fluids based
renewable raw materials their catalytic manufacture and
modification,
Catalysis A. 221, pp. 429-442.
on
Applied
4. References List: Numbering
system
[1]
Swern, D., Thomas, W.F., Geraldine, N.B., and John T.S. (1947).
Determination of oxirane oxygen, Eastern Regional Research
laboratory, Philadelphia 18.
[2] Wagner, H., Luther, R., and Theo, M. ( 2001). Lubricant base fluids
based
on renewable raw materials their catalytic manufacture
and
modification, Applied Catalysis A. 221, pp. 429-442.
[3] Tan, S.G., and Chow, W.S. (2010). Biobased epoxidized vegetable oils
its greener epoxy blends : a review, Polymer-Plastic
Technology
Engineering, 49, pp. 1581-1590.
and
and
http://www.mendeley.com/download-mendeley-desktop/
USED THIS LINK TO HELP YOU TO ORGANIZE ALL YOUR REFERENCES.
THANK YOU.