GOOD MORNING!!! (APES Review, 3/7/12, CAPT Week) Our Plan for This Wednesday Morning… • • • • • • • • 1) EAT! EAT! EAT! 2) Lab Activity: Estimating Population Size 3) Lecture: Introduce Population Biology 4) Activity: Population Growth Activity 5) Calculation Practice – Growth Rate 6) Lecture: Human Population Dynamics 7) Activity (Computers): Age Structure Diagram HW: • prb.org activity • Quiz/Test, TBD POPULATION BIOLOGY Chapter 6 HUMAN POPULATION DYNAMICS (Chapter 7 – See other PPOINT) What Limits the Growth of Populations? Intrinsic factors - Operate within or between individual organisms in the same species. Extrinsic factors - Imposed from outside the population. Biotic factors - Caused by living organisms. Abiotic factors - Caused by non-living environmental components. Populations Have Certain Characteristics (2) Why Do Population Sizes Change? • Temperature • Presence of disease organisms or harmful chemicals • Resource availability • Arrival or disappearance of competing species Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (1) Population size governed by • • • • Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration) Fig. 5-B, p. 110 Population size Environmental resistance Carrying capacity (K) Population stabilizes Exponential growth Biotic potential Time (t) Fig. 5-11, p. 111 No population can continue to increase in size indefinitely. Exponential growth (left half of the curve) occurs when resources are not limiting and a population can grow at its intrinsic rate of increase (r) or biotic potential. Such exponential growth is converted to logistic growth, in which the growth rate decreases as the population becomes larger and faces environmental resistance. Over time, the population size stabilizes at or near the carrying capacity (K) of its environment, which results in a sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve. Depending on resource availability, the size of a population often fluctuates around its carrying capacity, although a population may temporarily exceed its carrying capacity and then suffer a sharp decline or crash in its numbers.. Question: What is an example of environmental resistance that humans have not been able to overcome? Boom and Bust Cycles r-Adapted Species Short life Rapid growth Early maturity Many small offspring Little parental care Little investment in individual offspring. Adapted to unstable environment. Pioneers, colonizers Niche generalists Prey Regulated mainly by extrinsic factors. Low trophic level K-Adapted Species Long life Slower growth Late maturity Fewer large offspring High parental care and protection. High investment in individual offspring. Adapted to stable environment. Later stages of succession. Niche specialists Predators Regulated mainly by intrinsic factors. High trophic level Number of sheep (millions) 2.0 1.5 1.0 Population overshoots carrying capacity Carrying capacity Population recovers and stabilizes Population Exponential runs out of resources growth and crashes .5 1800 1825 1850 1875 Year 1900 1925 Fig. 5-12, p. 111 Population overshoots carrying capacity Number of reindeer 2,000 1,500 Population crashes 1,000 500 Carrying capacity 0 1910 1920 1930 Year 1940 1950 Fig. 5-13, p. 112 Number of individuals Carrying capacity K K species; experience K selection r species; experience r selection Time Fig. 5-14, p. 112 Fig. 5-15, p. 114 No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (1) Biotic potential • Low • High Intrinsic rate of increase (r) Individuals in populations with high r • • • • Reproduce early in life Have short generation times Can reproduce many times Have many offspring each time they reproduce No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (2) Size of populations limited by • • • • • Light Water Space Nutrients Exposure to too many competitors, predators or infectious diseases Density Dependent Factors Higher proportion of population is affected as population density increases. • • • • Predation Parasitism Infectious disease Competition for resources Tend to reduce population size by decreasing natality or increasing mortality. • Interspecific Interactions • Predator-Prey oscillations • Intraspecific Interactions • Territoriality • Stress and Crowding • Stress-related diseases Density Independent Factors Constant proportion of the population is affected regardless of population density. Tend to be abiotic components. Do not directly regulate population size. EXAMPLES: Sample Problem: A population of birds was measured to be 1500 birds. Over the course of a year, there were 300 births and 200 deaths. 100 birds entered the population by migration, 50 birds left population by emigration. How to Calculate Change in Population Size How to Calculate Growth Rate of a Population: Calculating R from CBR and CDR How to Calculate Doubling Time of a Population: No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (3) Environmental resistance Carrying capacity (K) Exponential growth Logistic growth Genetic Diversity Can Affect the Size of Small Populations Founder effect Demographic bottleneck Genetic drift Inbreeding Minimum viable population size Under Some Circumstances Population Density Affects Population Size Density-dependent population controls • • • • Predation Parasitism Infectious disease Competition for resources Several Different Types of Population Change Occur in Nature Stable Irruptive Cyclic fluctuations, boom-and-bust cycles • Top-down population regulation • Bottom-up population regulation Irregular Survivorship Curves Humans Are Not Exempt from Nature’s Population Controls Ireland • Potato crop in 1845 Bubonic plague • Fourteenth century AIDS • Global epidemic Case Study: Exploding White-Tailed Deer Population in the U.S. 1900: deer habitat destruction and uncontrolled hunting 1920s–1930s: laws to protect the deer Current population explosion for deer • Lyme disease • Deer-vehicle accidents • Eating garden plants and shrubs Ways to control the deer population Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? Habitat Hunted: early 1900s Partial recovery Why care about sea otters? • Ethics • Keystone species • Tourism dollars LOOK NO FURTHER… ALL OF THE INFORMATION ON the SLIDES FOLLOWING THIS ONE WILL NOT BE ON THE POPULATION TEST! 5-1 How Do Species Interact? Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions—competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem. Species Interact in Five Major Ways Interspecific Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources Competition Competitive exclusion principle Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1) Predators may capture prey by • Walking • Swimming • Flying • Pursuit and ambush • Camouflage • Chemical warfare Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) Prey may avoid capture by • Camouflage • Chemical warfare • Warning coloration • Mimicry • Deceptive looks • Deceptive behavior Science Focus: Why Should We Care about Kelp Forests? Kelp forests: biologically diverse marine habitat Major threats to kelp forests • Sea urchins • Pollution from water run-off • Global warming Predator and Prey Species Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations Coevolution Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them Parasitism Parasite-host interaction may lead to coevolution In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit Mutualism Nutrition and protection relationship Gut inhabitant mutualism In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed Commensalism Epiphytes Birds nesting in trees 5-2 How Can Natural Selection Reduce Competition between Species? Concept 5-2 Some species develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid competition with other species for resources. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources Resource partitioning Reduce niche overlap Use shared resources at different • Times • Places • Ways