Why is water Neutral ?
(water molecules in equilibrium)
• Acid and Base are in equal amounts where there is NO
EXCESS of either.
H2O  H + + OH -
(Hydrogen (Hydroxide ion) ion)

• The process when an acid and a base react in a solution together.
• HCl + NaOH  NaCl- + H2O

• The release of H+ ions from compounds when placed in water.
• pH scale 1-6.
H
 H+
Ex. HCl is produced by the human stomach

• The release of OH- ions from compounds when placed in water.
• pH scale 8-14
OH 
OH-

Acid or base?
HCl H + + Cl -
HOH+ NH3 NH4+ + OH-
NaOH Na + OH -

• A base releases _________ ions when placed in H2O.
1. OH-
2. OH+
3. H+
4. H-

Acids __________________.
A. Increase H+ ions
B. Decrease H+ ions
Answer: A
Bases ___________________.
A.Decrease H+
B. Increase H+
Answer: A

measures if a substance is acidic or alkaline
(basic) by the concentration of hydrogen ions by the power of 10.

How much more acidic is lemon juice than tomatoe juice?
100 times more

H + concentration is measured according to the pH scale
Coffee has a pH of 5
Seawater has a pH of 8
How much more acidic is coffee than seawater?

Acid rain – a major environmental threat
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Carbonic acid

pH Indicators a substance that changes color in an acidic or alkaline (basic) solution
• Red litmus paper – turns blue in a base
• Blue litmus paper – turns red in an acid
*pH paper turns different colors. Use a scale to determine the actual pH.

THE ELEMENT CARBON
• Element - is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same atomic number.
• Atom – the simplest or basic unit that makes up matter.
• Molecule - a particle formed when two or more atoms join together by a covalent bond.
(smallest unit of most compounds)

• ONE atom of CARBON can combine with up to
4 other atoms. Therefore, organic compounds usually are LARGE and can have several atoms and molecules bonded together.
• This creates LARGE MOLECULES to form in a
STRAIGHT line or in RINGS .

• Large organic molecules that make up the structural components of living organisms are
CARBOHYDRATES , LIPIDS , PROTEINS , AND
NUCLEIC ACIDS . Large molecules are also called MACROMOLECULES .

In living organisms, the carbon atom often joins with other atoms by
SHARING electrons. This sharing of electrons is called making COVALENT
BONDS .
THE THREE PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP ATOMS

• CARBON likes to share bonds with HYDROGEN
• OXYGEN , NITROGEN , PHOSPHORUS , and
SULFUR atoms.
• All these atoms are found in LIVING
ORGANISMS .

BIOCHEMISTRY
• Study of chemical composition and reactions occurring in living matter .

___________________

Other Inorganic Molecules
• H20
(most abundant and important makes up 60-80% of all cells)
• Acids
• Bases
• Salts (Na Cl )

A MOLECULE THAT MAY REACT CHEMICALLY TO ANOTHER
MOLECULE TO FORM A LARGER MOLECULE is called a MONOMER .
ALSO, CALLED A SUBUNIT or the BUILDING BLOCKS.
A MOLECULE T THAT MAY REACT CHEMICALLY TO ANOTHER MOLECULE TO FORM A
Ex: glucose, amino acids.
ACT CHEMICALLY TO ANOTHER MOLECULE TO FORM A LARGER MOLECULE.

_______________
________________
_______________

Why Are Chemicals Important ?
• To form pigment (defense mechanism)
• To form cell structures
• To store and release energy
• Contain genetic information

Dehydration Synthesis
• Process that removes water & bonds molecules together to make large organic molecules.
•Enzymes must be present!!!!
sugar + sugar enzyme starch

Dehydration Synthesis
(Remove water) (Add) enzyme
H O
O
Water Removed
Polymer
O
+ H20
OH http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

What Does Dehydration Synthesis Do?
A. Breaking molecules apart
B. Build larger molecules

Hydro lysis
(water breaks)
• Water is added to Break down large sugar molecules.
starch enzyme sugar + sugar http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.htm1

Reading from Left to Right, Describe this Biological Process.

THINK LEGOS!

Functional Groups
• A group of atoms that characterize the structure of organic compounds.
• 3 Types:
Hydroxyl (OH)
Carboxyl (COOH)
Amine (NH
2
)

Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
C:H:O (1:2:1 ratio)
2:1 ratio

1. Main energy source
2. Gives structure
Other:
Dissolves in H20 (soluble)
Functional Group: Hydroxyl
OH

Examples: Carbohydrates
Mono saccharides
Simple ring sugar
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Di saccharides Poly saccharides
Two ring sugar
Maltose
Repeated rings of sugar
Starch (plants)
Lactose
Gylcogen (animals)
Sucrose
Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (animals)
• Most sugars
End in “ose
”
(there are exceptions)

How Do Carbohydrates Look?

Monosaccharides are also called the Building blocks of carbohydrates
1 RING or

Monosaccharides
Glucose
Ex) Corn syrup
Human blood
Fructose
(The sweetest sugar)
Ex) Honey

Disaccharides
Sucrose

Disaccharides
Maltose
Ex) Beer, Asian cooking
Lactose
Ex) Milk

Polysaccharide – many rings
Cellulose found in plant cells
• Green plants have cell walls made of Cellulose.
•Not digestible & referred to as
‘ dietary fiber’.
Ex) toothpaste, wood, paper, thickener for shampoo.

Starch
Ex) Bread, rice, potatoes
Cellulose
Chitin
Ex) Exoskeleton

Plants store EXTRA sugar as STARCH .
Animals store EXTRA sugar as GLYCOGEN (the liver releases this when in need of sugar).

Dehydration Synthesis or Hydrolysis

Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
* Less Oxygen atoms in lipids

Characteristics of
Lipids
Functions :
•
Cell structure (cell membrane)
•
Energy storage (reserve)
•
Insulation (for organs)

Functional Group

LIPIDS
(Types)
Fats Oils Waxes Steriods
•
Insoluble in water (water proof) http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

• Usually contains 2 monomers:
1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids .
•
Glycerol contains the hydroxyl group
(OH).
•
Fatty acids contain the carboxyl group
(COOH).

Structure of Lipids
C
57
H
110
O
6
Fatty Acid Glycerol
3 carbon molecule
SINGLE
BONDS
DOUBLE
BONDS

Fats
Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Milk, cheese, animal meat, coconut oil
Nut, canola oil, olive oil
Soybean oil, corn oil, salmon, trout, sunflower seeds

Saturated or Unsaturated ?
• Which leads to higher cholesterol?
_________________
• Which helps to reduce cholesterol?
___________________
• Is animal fat a saturated or an unsaturated fat?
___________________

Formation of Lipids through dehydration synthesis
1 Glycerol 3 fatty acid molecule

Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Characteristics of
Proteins (Polypeptide)
•
Extremely long chains and twisted.
•
Folded to determine specific function.
•
Bond between two amino acids is a peptide bond .
• Can form polypeptide bonds (a long chain of amino acids).
• All proteins are made up of at least 1 polypeptide chain.

are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins
Hydrogen
=
1 Amino Acid
(4 PARTS
)

Functional Groups
Carboxyl Amine

Functions & Examples of Proteins
Enzyme
(Catalyst)
Defense Transport
Structure
&Support
Motion Regulation
Ex)
Amyl ase
(break down starch into sugar)
Ex)
Antibodies
(fight disease)
Ex)
Hemoglobin
Cell membrane
Ex) Skin, hair, nails ligaments, tendons,
& bones
Ex)
Actin
Ex)
Hormones

• Dehydration synthesis occurs between the carboxyl group
& the amino acid group .
Peptide Bond
Peptide Bond

Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
*Phosphorus

2 Types of Nucleic Acids

Functions of Nucleic Acids
DNA
-Stores the instructions to make the protein.
-Has heredity info.
RNA
- Helps DNA make proteins (protein synthesis) by copying DNA instructions.

Phosphate group
Nitrogenous group
Characteristics of
DNA
DNA stands for
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Found in the nucleus of the cell
Pentose group
(sugar group)
• Long chains of repeating nucleotides
• Double helix (twisted ladder) formation
Nucleotide

DNA
Made up of:
•Phosphate group
•Sugar
(deoxyribose)
•Nitrogen bases adenine
*thymine guanine cytosine

Characteristics of
RNA
RNA stands for:
(Ribonucleic acid)
• Found in the nucleus of the cell.
• Repeating units of nucleotides.
• Only one chain

RNA
Made up of:
•Phosphate group
•Sugar (ribose)
•Nitrogen bases
1. adenine
2. *uracil
3. guanine
4. cytosine

• Macromolecules are made up of long
• What monomers add up to make a
• What monomers add up to make a polymer of http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes_organic.html

Name 4 Macromolecules
(large size molecules)
• ________________
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________