Energy
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What is it?
Brief history
How is it produced/extracted/harnessed?
How is it used?
The types
Diagram of how it works
On your poster
Energy Concepts
Forms of Energy
Units
Laws
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Mechanical: (potential and kinetic)
Thermal: heat (vibration/movement of
particles within a substance.)
Chemical: stored in bonds
Electrical: motion of electrons
Nuclear: stored in nuclei of atoms and is
released by either splitting or joining the
atoms.
Electromagnetic: energy that travels by
waves
Forms of Energy
Energy provides power to do work…so…
Work is defined as a force exerted over a distance
and power is the rate of flow of energy or the rate at
which work is done.
Newton: force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/sec
Joule: the amount of work accomplished when a force
of 1 newton is performed over 1 m or 1 ampre per
second travels 1 ohm.
Watt: 1 joule/sec
kWh: 1000 watts exerted in 1 hour
Calorie:
4.184 Joules
Units
1 barrel of oil: 42 gallons
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First Law: energy can be neither created
or destroyed. It is simply transported or
changed into another form. Ex: sunlight
to chemical energy
Second Law: The universe tends to
entropy.
Most of energy in tropic levels is lost as
heat.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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One of the biggest concerns is the amount of energy
used to refine and produce energy into useable
forms.
◦ Example: when coal is used to produce electricity, nearly
65% of the original energy is lost during thermal conversion
at the power plant. Another 10% is lost in electrical
transmission and voltage changes for household use.
◦ Still not convinced; about 75 % of oil’s original energy is
lost during distillation into gasoline and other fuels,
transportation to market, storage and engine combustion.
◦ Okay, still more: natural gas has much less waste since it
needs little refining. It is transported through underground
pipelines and burned with 75-95% efficiency. It also
contains more hydrogen-carbon atoms (1/2 less than coal
and oil) reducing CO2 which reduces Global Warming.
The Effects of Converting Energies
Renewable resources can
be replenished at a
comparable rate to the
rate of consumption.
Energy sources like
hydroelectric power, solar
energy, and wind power
are considered “perpetual
resources” because they
run no risk of depletion.
Nonrenewable
resources are
energy sources like
petroleum, propane,
natural gas, coal,
and nuclear energy
that take millions of
years to form and
cannot be
regenerated in a
short period of time.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER is generated when flowing
water
turns turbines to run generators that convert energy into
electricity.
• No emissions
• Reliable
• Capable of generating
large amounts of power
• Output can be regulated
to meet demand
• Environmental impacts by
changing the environment
• Hydroelectric dams
are expensive to build
• Dams may be affected
by drought
• Potential for floods
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ
NUCLEAR ENERGY is generated in reactors, when nuclear
fuel fission heats water, and the steam turns turbines to
run
the generators that convert energy into electricity.
• No greenhouse gases or C02
emissions
• Efficiently transforms energy
into electricity
• Uranium reserves are abundant
• Refueled yearly
• Higher capital costs
• Problem of long-term
storage of radioactive waste
• Heated waste water from
nuclear plants harms aquatic life
• Potential nuclear proliferation issue
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
Lets brainstorm what we
remember about atoms and
unstable atoms…
Each half-life, the amount of
atoms gets cut in half.
One half-life.
Two half-lives.
Three half-lives.
Four half-lives.
Don’t worry about the last atom.
You start with so many trillions that
you never really get there.
(It will just decay and then
they’re all gone.)
A 48 gram sample of a radioactive element was formed in a 1960
explosion of an atomic bomb at Johnson Island in the Pacific Test Site.
The half-life of the radioactive element is 28 years. How much of this
element will remain after 112 years?
An element has a half-life of 29 hours. If 100 mg of the element
decays over a period of 58 hours, how many mg of the element will
remain?
Now lets work a problem
Proposed by King M. Hubbert
 Indicates that the peak production has
already occurred.
 Some scientists disagree (we have
another decade)
 The importance = we need to find other
sources.
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Hubbert’s Peak
COAL is formed from trees and plants in vast primeval
forests, when heat and pressure turned decayed matter
into coal. Coal
is a part of the fossil fuels family.
• Abundant supply
• Currently inexpensive to
extract
• Reliable and capable of
generating large amounts
of power
• Emits major greenhouse
gases and acid rain
• High environmental impact
from mining and burning
• Mining can be dangerous
for miners
PETROLEUM is formed from animals and plants that lived
millions of years ago when heat and pressure turned
decayed matter into crude oil.
• Transportation fuel for the world
• Basis of many products, from
prescription drugs to plastics
• Economical to produce, easy
to transport
• High C02 emissions
• Found in limited areas
• Supply may be exhausted
before natural gas/coal resources
• Possible environmental impact
from drilling and transporting
• https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=RJ8FxYLBxLo
Sedimentary rock that contains bitumen
(a hydrocarbon).
 Process to extract
◦ Surface mine
oil)
Oil sand
heat
refine (just like
NATURAL GAS consists primarily of methane but includes
significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide.
• Widely available
• Burns more cleanly than coal
or oil
• Often used in combination
with other fuels to decrease
pollution in electricity
generation
• Added artificial odor that
people can easily smell the
gas in case
of a leak
• Transportation costs are high
• Burns cleanly, but still
has emissions
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Fukushima: 2011 Earthquake/Tsunami
caused meltdown of nuclear power plant.
Exxon Valdez- 1989 in the Prince William
Sound.
Three Mile Island: Biggest Nuclear disaster in
US. 1979. (Only partial meltdown)
Chernobyl: Ukraine: Worst nuclear disaster in
the world.
Santa Barbara: site of coastal oil spill in 1969
The Dark Side
FRQ TIME!!!!!!
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY is generated by heat in the
earth’s
core. It is found underground by drilling steam wells (like
oil drilling). There is a global debate as to whether
geothermal
energy is renewable or nonrenewable.
Minimal environmental impact
Efficient
Power plants have low
emissions
Low cost after the
initial investment
• Geothermal fields found in
few areas around the world
• Expensive start-up costs
• Wells could eventually
be depleted
https://www.youtube.com/watc
SOLAR ENERGY is generated when photovoltaic (PV)
cells convert heat from the sun directly into electricity.
• Nonpolluting
• Most abundant energy
source available
• Systems last 15–30 years
• High initial investment
• Dependent on sunny weather
• Supplemental energy may be
needed in low sunlight areas
• Requires large physical space
for PV cell panels
WIND POWER is generated when wind turns turbines to
run
the generators that convert energy into electricity, which
is
then stored in batteries.
• No emissions
• Affordable
• Little disruption of
ecosystems
• Relatively high output
• Output is proportional
to wind speed
• Not feasible for all
geographical locations
• High initial investment
• Extensive land use
HYDROGEN is found in combination with oxygen in water,
but it
is also present in organic matter such as living plants,
petroleum,
or coal. Hydrogen fuel is a byproduct of chemically-mixing
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and
heat. It’s stored in
• Abundant supply
a “cell” or battery.
• Water vapor emissions only
• Excellent industrial safety
record
• More expensive to produce
than fossil fuel Systems
• Currently uses a large
amount of fossil fuels in the
hydrogen extraction process
• Storage and fuel cell
technology
still being developed
PROPANE is produced as a byproduct from natural gas
processing and crude oil refining. It burns hotter and more
evenly than other fuels.
• Yields 60–70% less smogproducing hydrocarbons than
gasoline/diesel fuel or propane
exhaust
• Nontoxic and insoluble in water
• Doesn’t spill, pool, or leave a
residue
• Uses some fossil fuels in
conversion
• Highly flammable
• Less energy in a gallon of
propane than in a gallon of
gasoline or
diesel fuel
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BIOMASS is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats,
recycled restaurant greases, and other byproducts of plant,
agricultural,
and forestry processing or industrial and human waste
products.
Abundant supply
Fewer emissions than
fossil fuel sources
Can be used in diesel engines
Auto engines can easily be
converted to run on biomass fuel
• Source must be near usage
to cut transportation costs
• Emits some pollution
• Increases nitrogen oxides,
an air pollutant emissions
• Uses some fossil fuels in
conversion
ETHANOL is a subset of biomass that is manufactured
from alcohols, ethers, esters, and other chemicals
extracted from
plant and tree residue. It can be made from corn, sugar,
wheat, and barley.
• Easily manufactured
• Fewer emissions than fossil fuel
• Carbon-neutral (C02 emissions
offset by photosynthesis in
plants)
• Extensive use of cropland
• Less energy in a gallon of
ethanol than in a gallon of
gasoline or diesel fuel
• Costs more than gasoline to
produce
• Currently requires government
subsidy to be affordable to
Energy Efficiency vs. Conservation
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Technology that requires less energy to perform the same function.
Any behavior that results in the use of less energy.
Energy Star Appliances
Two degree adjustment of your thermostat (prevent 500 lbs of carbon)
Programable themostats
Using an insulation with an R value of 26 or greater.
Weather strips
Windows with a low U value ( 1.1 bad and .22 good)
Strategically placing trees and shurbs
Use CFL’s (compact florescent light bulbs) (260 lbs a year)
Low flow showerheads
Showers instead of baths
Fix leaking faucets
Cold to wash clothes
Lower the temperature of your water heater
Combine errands
Turn off engines
Have your car serviced
Keep tires inflated to recommended amount
Don’t : accelerate quickly, travel at high speeds, (lowers efficiency by 15%,
Recycle
Personal Energy Inventory
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http://oaspub.epa.gov/powpro/ept_pack.c
harts
How much Energy?!?!?!
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http://www.midlandisd.net/Page/18763
What about worldwide usage???