ANNEX 14:
AERODROMES
Aviation Management College
Airport Management
Ms.Zuliana Ismail
1
International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s)
Documents
Annexes Lists
Annex 1 Annex 2
Annex 3
Annex 4 Annex 5 Annex 6
Annex 7 Annex 8
Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex 11 Annex 12
Annex 13Annex 14 Annex 15 Annex 16 Annex 17 Annex 18
AERODROMES
2
What is Aerodromes?
 ‘Aerodromes’
 A defined area on land or water (including
any buildings, installations and equipment)
intended to be used either wholly or in part
for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.
3
How Annex 14 come to be
ICAO adopted Aerodrome Standard And Recommended
Practices (SARPs) in 1951 & designated it as Annex 14
Many amendments since 1951
1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes
– Vol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & Operations
– Vol. 2 - Heliports
Signatories agree to accept by or to exceed the
standards
If signatories choose to differ, they must file a
difference with ICAO
4
Outlines
Volume 1: Aerodrome Design and Operations
 Chapter 1 – Airport Classification Codes and Design
Standard
 Chapter 2 & 3– Aerodrome data & Physical
characteristics (RWY,TXW,APRON)
 Chapter 4 – Obstacle restriction and removal
 Chapter 5 , 6 & 7– Visual Aids and their Functions
 Chapter 8 – Electrical Systems
 Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services,
equipment and installations
 Chapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenance
5
Why Need to Learn Annex 14?
Annex 14 provides the basic specification for
aerodrome design and operations.
Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes
with a similar standard or command.
– Miscommunication can be avoided
– Safety for the travelling public
Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary
for all personnel who are charged with duties
associated with regulation and operation of
aerodromes.
6
Standard And Recommended
Practices (SARPs)
Standards are identified by the verb
<shall>
Example: The systems shall be suitable
for both day and night operations.
 and are mandatory.
7
Standard And Recommended
Practices (SARPs)
Recommended Practices are identified
by the verb <should>
Example: Recommendation.— The installation
setting angles for high-intensity obstacle lights,
Types A and B, should be in accordance with
Table 6-2.
and are only recommendations
8
Importance
What should be the overall geometric
layout of runways, taxiways, and aprons?
What size of aircraft should the airfield
be designed for?
How should the construction of airside
facilities be phased?
How much land should be acquired or
reserved for a new airport?
9
Chapter 1
General
Aerodrome Reference Code
Type of Approach
10
Airport Classification Codes
 Designed as a planning tool
 Based on two elements
Aerodrome reference code (based on a/c)
Type of approach (based on runways :NonInstrument (NI), Non-Precision (NP), Precision (P).
 Example: 3C NP
Aerodrome reference Type of approach
code
The Aerodrome Coding
Concept
 Determine by two factors:
 Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating
performance in terms of balanced field length of
runways
Airplane reference field length (RFL)
 Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical
dimensions that have a bearing on the physical
characteristics of aerodrome facilities
 Wing span (WS) and
 Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)
12
Airplane reference Field Length
(RFL)
The minimum field length required for take-off at
maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard
atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as
shown in the appropriate aeroplane field manual
13
Wing Span (WS) and Outer Main
Gear (OMG)
 Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings
of an aircraft
 Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)=The distance
between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.
Aerodrome Reference Code
Code element 1
Airplane reference
field length (RFL)
(2)
Code element 2
Code
number
(1)
Wing span (WS)
(4)
Outer main gear
wheel span (OMG)
(5)
Code
letter
(3)
RFL < 800 m
1
WS < 15 m
OMG < 4.5 m
A
800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m
2
15 m ≤ WS < 24 m
4.5 m ≤ OMG < 6 m
B
1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m
3
24 m ≤ WS < 36 m
6 m ≤ OMG < 9 m
C
1 800 m ≤ RFL
4
36 m ≤ WS < 52 m
9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m
52 m ≤ WS < 65 m
9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m
65 ≤ WS < 80 m
14 m ≤ OMG < 16 m
D
E
F
15
Exercise
What is the AR Code for Boeing 747-400 &
Airbus A380 ????
Boeing 747-400
RFL=2990m
WS=64.4m
OMG=12.4m
Airbus A380
RFL=>3300m
WS=79.8m
OMG=14.34m
16
Aerodrome Reference Code
No
Aircraft type
Code
Element
1
RFL
( m)
Code
Element
2
Code No.
WS
(m)
OMGWS
(m)
Aerodrome
Reference
Code (ARC)
Code
letter
1.
ATR 42-200
1010
2
24.6
4.9
C
?
2.
Fokker: 50
1760
3
29.0
8.0
C
?
3.
A 320-200
2058
4
33.9
8.7
C
?
4.
A 340-300
2200
4
60.3
12
E
?
17
Aerodrome Reference Code
AEROPLANE
TYPE
REF
CODE
ARFL
(m)
Wingspan
(m)
OMGWS
(m)
Lear Jet 55
3A
1292
13.4
2.5
Fokker F28-2000
3B
1646
23.6
5.8
Fokker:F27-500
3C
1670
29.0
7.9
Airbus A300 B2
3D
1676
44.8
10.9
Boeing:
B737-200
B737-300
B737-400
4C
4C
4C
2295
2749
2499
28.4
28.9
28.9
6.4
6.4
6.4
Boeing:
B707-300
B757-200
B767-200ER
4D
4D
4D
3088
2057
2743
44.4
38.0
47.6
7.9
8.7
10.8
Boeing:
B747-300
B747-400
B777-200
4E
4E
4E
3292
3383
2500
59.6
64.9
60.9
12.4
12.4
12.8
18
Types of Runway Approach
1.
Non-Instrument Runway (NI)
A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visual
approach procedures
2.
Instrument Runway
A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using
instrument approach procedures
I.
I.
Non-Precision Runway (NP)
An instrument runway served by visual aids and a non-visual aid
providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a straight-in
approach
Precision Runway (P) –
Allow operations with a decision height and visibility corresponding
to Category 1, or II, or III
19
Runway Approach
Non-Instrument Runway (NI)
Precision Runway (P)
Aiming
point
Touchdown
zone
Threshold
Non-Precision Runway (NP)
20
Runway Terminology
Runway Threshold: Beginning of runway
for landing.
Touchdown zone: The portion of a
runway, beyond the threshold, where it is
intended landing aeroplanes first contact
the runway.
Aiming point: serves as a visual aiming
point for a landing aircraft.
21
Precision Runway (P) Categories

Category I
 An instrument runway served by Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) and/or
Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) for lateral/vertical guidance and visual aids
intended for operating :
 Decision Height (DH) more than 60m
 Visibility more than 880 m
 Runway Visual Range (RVR) more than 550 m
 Most common of P runways
 Category II
 Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH more than 30m but less than 60m
and RVR more than 350 m.
 Category III
 Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH less than 30m and RVR less than
350 m.
22
The importance of airport classification
codes
Designed as a planning tool.
Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, &
aprons (width, separation between runways,
neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation
between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the
aerodrome reference code selected for design
purposes.
23
Review
Specify the airport classification codes
when the Airbus A 380 landing at the
Precision type Runway.
24
Reviews
 What is the different between a non-
instrument runway from a non-precision
runway?
 Aerodrome reference codes are based on two
elements. What are they?
25
Chapter 2 & 3
Runway Designation Numbers
Runways, Taxiways & Apron Characteristics
Declared Distances
26
Overview
– Runways (i.e., orientation, length and width;
•
•
•
•
•
shoulders, runway strip, RWY turn pads,
Runway end safety area)
Clearways
Stopways
Taxiways
Holding Bays
Aprons
27
1. Runways
28
1. Runways
A defined rectangular area on a land
aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
Length and strength depend on the size of
aircraft to operate, the weather and the
presences of obstacles.
The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway
(take-off and landing distances)
The hotter the weather the longer the runway
The higher the altitude the longer the runway
29
Runways Length
 For aircraft weights below approximately
90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m
 Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787;
Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380;
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the
Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway
length at least 2,438 m.
30
Runway Characteristics
 Primary runway should be adequate to meet
operational requirements of critical aircraft
 Length of runway corrected for temperature, ,
humidity and surface
 Length or runway need not be for maximum
mass operations of critical aircraft
 Similar rationale for secondary runway
RWY Designation Numbers
Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic
heading. Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is
marked as RWY 34.
Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has
two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the
other runway marked as RWY 16
Measured clockwise from the magnetic heading.
Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio
communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as
Three Six.
For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added
to distinguish btw the RWS.
For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L),
Center (C) and Right (R).
32
Munich Airport:
Two Parallel Runways
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: Multi Runways
Runways Width
Recommendation.— The width of a runway should be not less
than the appropriate dimension specified in the following tables
Code
number
Code letter
A
B
C
D
E
F
1
18 m
18 m
23 m
-
-
-
2
23 m
23 m
30 m
-
-
-
3
30 m
30 m
30 m
45 m
-
-
4
-
-
45 m
45 m
45 m
60 m
35
Exercise
Define the required runway width for the
Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?
36
Runways Strength
 A runway should be capable of withstanding the traffic
of airplanes the runway is intended to serve.
 The surface of a paved runway shall be so constructed
as to provide good friction characteristics when the
runway is wet.
 So that do not affect the airplane during the take-off or
landing (no loss in friction)
37
Runway shoulders
 Only for the airplane with
Code Letter D, E and F
 Width of runway shoulders
— 60 m for the code letter of
airplane is D or E; and
— 75 m for the code letter of
airplane is F.
38
Runways with stopways or
clearways
39
Clearway
 A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it may
make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height
40
Stopways
 A defined area on the ground prepared for an airplane
so take it can be stopped in the case of an abandoned
take-off
41
Declared distances
 For any given runway, four declared distances
defined by ICAO are
 take off run available
TORA
 take-off distance available
TODA
 accelerate-stop distance available
ASDA
 landing distance available
LDA
42
TORA: Take-off run available
TORA is defined as the length of runway available for the
ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
TORA = Full Length of RW
43
Declared distances
44
TODA: Take-off distance available
 The length of the take-off run available (TORA) plus the
length of the clearway, if provided
TODA =TORA + CWY
45
ASDA: Accelerate-stop distance
available
 ASDA is defined as the length of the take-off
run available plus the length of any SWY. Any
CWY is not involved.

ASDA = TORA + SWY
46
LDA: Landing distance available
LDA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of
a landing aeroplane.
LDA = Length of RW (if threshold is not displaced.)
47
Runway Strip
A defined area including the runway and stopway.
 To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ;
and
 To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing
operations
Figure: Composition of Runway Strip
Length of Runway Strips
A runway should be symmetrically included in a runway
strip.
A runway strip should extend beyond each end of the
runway for a distance of at least:
— 60 m [ code number 2, 3 or 4];
— 60 m [code number 1 instrument runway]; and
— 30 m [code number 1 non-instrument runway] .
49
Why Displaced Threshold ?
 Due to the presence of obstacles on the
approach path make the beginning
section of runway unsuitable for landings.
 It is marked with white paint arrows that
lead up to the beginning of the landing
portion of the runway.
50
Displaced Threshold
 A displaced threshold not located at




the extremity(the furthest point) of a
runway
Provides obstacle free approach slope
May be used for taxiing, takeoff, and
landing rollout, but not for touchdown
Temporary or permanent
Specific markings : It is marked with
white paint arrows that lead up to the
beginning of the landing portion of the
runway.
51
Displaced threshold
Temporarily Displaced Permanently Displaced
Threshold
Threshold
52
Runway turn pad
Runway turn pad shall be provided to facilitate a 180-degree turn of airplanes
53
Runway End Safety Area (RESA)
 At each end of runway strip
 Purpose:
to reduce the risk of damage to an airplane
undershooting or overrunning the runway
 Not included in declared distances
 Minimum length: 90 m
 Width: twice that of runway
54
2.Taxiway
55
2.Taxiway
Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between
the runway and apron, runway and runway,
apron and apron and vice versa
Generally, width smaller than runway
Lightings for night flying
Various designs – high-speed turn off (45 deg)
at end of runway
Can be one or multiple in bigger airport
Taxiways are given label
56
Taxiway
Taxiways on aprons
57
Taxiway
Recommendations.—
 Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface
movement of aircraft.
 Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway
should be provided to make the movement of airplanes
to and from the runway smooth and to provide more
rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.
58
Width of taxiways
Code letter
A
B
C
D
E
F
Taxiway width
7.5 m
10.5 m
15 m
18 m
23 m
25 m
59
Junctions and intersections
Recommendation.—
 To facilitate the movement of aeroplanes, fillets
should be provided at junctions and intersections of
taxiways with runways, aprons and other taxiways.
 The design of the fillets should ensure that the
minimum wheel clearances are maintained when
aeroplanes are manoeuvring through the junctions or
intersections.
[Note 3.— Compound curves may reduce or eliminate
the need for extra taxiway width.]
60
Taxiway Curve
Figure 3-2. Taxiway curve
61
Taxiway minimum separation
distances
62
Rapid Exit Taxiway
A rapid exit taxiway should be designed:
with a radius of turn-off
to enable exit speeds under wet
curve of at least:
conditions of:
— 550 m
— 93 km/h [code number is 3 or 4]; and
— 275 m
— 65 km/h [code number is 1 or 2].
63
Holding bays
• A defined area
where aircraft can
be held, or
bypassed, to
facilitate efficient
surface movement
of aircraft. (when
traffic is density is
medium and
heavy)
64
Runway-holding position
 A designated position
intended to protect a
runway, an obstacle
limitation surface, or
an ILS/ MLS
critical/sensitive area
at which taxiing
aircraft and vehicles
shall stop and hold,
unless otherwise
authorized by the
aerodrome control
tower.
 Taxiway or at
Intersection of
taxiway & runway
65
Runway-holding position
66
3. Apron
67
3. Apron
 The place where aircrafts are parked close to the terminal





building
Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport.
The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the
apron
Fitted with underground refueling system
Fitted with underground with water supply system
Fitted with sewer disposal system
68
Types of aprons
1.Passenger terminal apron
2.Cargo terminal apron
3.Remote parking apron
4.Service and hangar aprons
5.General Aviation aprons
69
Apron Designs
70
Minimum clearance
distances at Apron
Minimum clearance distances between an aircraft
stands with any buildings , another aircraft or object
Code letter
A&B
C
D, E & F
Clearance distances
3m
4.5 m
7.5 m
71