Elements
and
Their Properties
Chapter 19
Section 1:
Physical Properties of Metals
1.
Conduct heat and electricity
2.
Luster - reflect light well
3.
Malleable - can be hammered or rolled
into sheets
4.
Ductile - can be drawn into wires
5.
High density
6.
High melting point
Chemical Properties of Metals
NOTE: Metals usually have 1 to 3
electrons in their outer levels
1.
Metals easily lose electrons to the
nonmetals by ionic bonding and
become more chemically stable.
2.
Corrode easily (Example: silver
tarnishing and iron rusting)
Physical Properties
of Alkali Metals
1.
Soft
2.
Low melting and boiling
points
3.
Low density
4.
Found in Group 1
Chemical Properties
of Alkali Metals
1.
Highly reactive with oxygen and water; don’t
occur naturally in elemental form
2.
Combine readily with other elements due to 1
electron in outer energy level
Discussion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why do metals conduct electricity?
List 3 common properties of metals.
Where are Metals found on the Periodic
Table?
Metals can form ionic bonds with ________.
Alkali Metals can be found in what Group
on the Periodic Table?
How many electrons are in the outer shell of
an Alkali Metal?
Alkaline Earth Metals
1.
Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
2.
Conduct electricity
3.
White and malleable
4.
5.
2 electrons in outer energy level
Group 2
Transition Elements
1.
2.
Can be found in Groups 3 through 12 on the Periodic
Table
Can have up to 32 electrons in their 2nd to last outer
shell
Transition Elements
1.
They typically form colored compounds-(Ex: chromium
found in rubies and emeralds)
2.
Good conductors of heat and electricity
3.
Iron triad - iron, cobalt, and nickel
a. Iron - most widely used of all metals and main
ingredient in steel; abundant in the Earth’s crust
b. Cobalt and Nickel - used in some steels
c.
Nickel - used to coat other metals
Transition Elements
5. Copper, Silver, Gold - Coinage metals since once
were commonly used in coins
a.
b.
c.
Copper - used in electric wiring because it is a superior
electricity conductor
Silver- used in photographic film and paper; jewelry
Gold - used in jewelry
6. Zinc, cadmium, mercury - group 12 on the
periodic table
a.
b.
Zinc and cadmium - often used to plate or coat other
metals
Mercury - only room temperature liquid metal; used
in thermometer and batteries
Study Questions: Section 1
(answer in your notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alkaline Earth Metals can be found in what Group
on the Periodic Table?
How many electrons do Alkaline Earth Metals have
in their outer shell?
The Transition metals are in what Groups on the
Periodic Table?
The elements that make up the iron triad
are________?
The Inner Transition
1.
The Lanthanides - include lanthanum, cerium,
praseodymium, amarium, europium, gadolinium,
and terbium
2.
The Actinides - all are radioactive and unstable,
uranium is the best known
Section 2:
Properties of Nonmetals
1.
Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature
2.
Not malleable or ductile
3.
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
4.
Not lustrous
5.
Ionic Compounds - form when nonmetals gain electrons from
metals and become a negative ion
6.
Covalent Compounds - form when nonmetals share electrons with
other non metals
Hydrogen
1.
Most common element in the universe
2.
Has a single electron…putting it in
Group 1 in the periodic table
3.
A diatomic molecule - two atoms of
the same element in a covalent bond
4.
Highly reactive element
5.
Found mostly on Earth in the
compound water
The Halogens
aka…”Salt Formers”
1.
Halogens are non metals
2.
A “salt forms” when a halogen gains one electron
from a metal
3.
Have 7 electrons Group 17 in outer energy level
and only needs 1 electron to complete this energy
level
4.
Sublimation – the process of a solid changing
into a gas without first becoming a liquid
The Halogens
1.
2.
Halogens have many uses:
a.
Chlorine (most abundant halogen) disinfectant and bleach
b.
Bromine - dyes in cosmetics
c.
Iodine - hormone regulation for thyroid
d.
Flouride-toothpaste
Most halogen compounds are reformed from
seawater
The Noble Gases
1.
Have 8 electrons in outer energy
shell (full) Group 18
2.
Not reactive with other elements
3.
Exist as isolated, stable gases
4.
Helium - used in blimps and
balloons
5.
Neon, argon, krypton - used in
lights
Discussion Questions
1. Explain how solid metals are different from solid
nonmetals.
1. How can you tell that a gas is a halogen?
1. What is the process of a solid changing directly into
a vapor? Which element undergoes this process at
room temp?
Answers
1. Explain how solid metals are different from solid
nonmetals
Solid nonmetals typically are nor ductile or malleable and do not
conduct electricity.
2. How can you tell that a gas is a halogen?
By their colors
3. What is the process of a solid changing directly into a
vapor? Which element undergoes this process at room
temp?
Sublimation, iodine
Section 3: Mixed Groups
Properties of Metalloids
1.
Have some metal and some nonmetal
characteristics
2.
Form ionic and covalent bonds
3.
Have metallic and nonmetallic properties
4.
Partial conduction gives them semiconductors
5.
Located in Groups 13, 14, 15 ,16 & 17 (with the
exception of aluminum)
Discussion
Gaining & Losing
While reacting:

Nonmetals tend to gain electrons
and obtain a negative charge

Metals tend to lose electrons and
obtain a positive charge
The Boron Group
Group 13
1.
Boron - used in water softening products,
detergents, antiseptics, and fuels
2.
Aluminum - abundant in the Earth’s crust; used
in cans, foil wrap, pans, building materials, and
aircraft
The Carbon Group
Group 14
1.
4 electrons in outer energy level
Examples
1.
Carbon - found in oil, coal, natural gas, and
foods
2.
Germanium - also used in semiconductors
3.
Tin - used to coat other metals
4.
Lead - toxic, so no longer used in pain
5.
Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene
are all allotropes of carbon
Carbon Group cont…
1.
Silicon - an allotrope - same element with
different molecular structures
a.
Silicon is found in sand. rocks, and
soil
b.
The main component in
semiconductors, which conduct
electricity under certain conditions
(EX: computer chips)
The Nitrogen Group
Group 15
1.
5 electrons in outer energy level
2.
Tend to form covalent bonds
3.
Nitrogen - used to make nitrates and ammonia
4.
Can be combined into compounds, such as amino acids
5.
Phosphorus - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine
china
6.
Antimony and bismuth used with other metals to lower their melting
points
Questions

What are allotropes?

List one form of an allotrope.
The Oxygen Group
Group 16
1.
Oxygen - makes up 21% of air and is used by
living things in respiration
2.
Nonmetal that exists as diatomic molecules (O2)
3.
Sulfur - used to form sulfides for pigment in
paint
4.
Selenium - used in photocopies and
multivitamins
5.
Tellurium and polonium are oxygen group
elements
Synthetic Elements
1.
Synthetic elements- not usually found on Earth.
Created by smashing existing elements with
particles in an ion accelerator.
2.
Synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly.
3.
Uranium can be made into neptunium which
forms plutonium when it disintegrates
4.
Plutonium can be changed into americium,
which is used in smoke detectors
Synthetic Elements cont…
1.
Transuranium elements have more than 92
protons and are synthetic and unstable
a.
The study of synthesized elements helps
scientists to understand the forces
holding the nucleus together
b.
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
c.
It combined 114 protons with 175
neutrons
d.
It broke apart due to enormous repulsion
between protons