Motivation in Learning
and Teaching
Motivation
• Motivation defined:
– Internal state
– Arouses, directs, maintains behavior
• Intrinsic/Extrinsic
• Locus of causality
Four General Approaches
to Motivation
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Behavioral
Humanistic
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Behavioral Approach
• Rewards are consequences of
behaviors
• Incentives encourage or discourage
behaviors
Humanistic Approaches
• Encourage peoples’ inner resources
– Self-actualization
– Self-determination
– Self-esteem, etc.
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Motivation increases
as needs are met
SelfActualization
Need
Aesthetic Needs
Being (growth)
Needs
Need to know and Understand
Motivation
decreases
as needs
are met
Esteem Needs
Belongingness and Love Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Deficiency
Needs
Cognitive Perspective
• Focus on thinking Plans, goals,
schemas, expectations & attributions
• Emphasize intrinsic motivation
Weiner’s Attribution
Theory
• Locus Internal/external
• Stability Stable/unstable
• Controllability Controllable/
uncontrollable
Expectancy X Value
Theories
• Individual’s expectation of reaching
goal
• Value of that goal to individual
• Eccles has added cost to equation
Sociocultural Conceptions
of Motivation
• Emphasizes participation in
communities of practice
• Legitimate peripheral participation
• Relate to authentic tasks
Why Goals Improve
Performance
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Direct attention to the task at hand
Mobilize effort
Increase persistence
Promote development of new
strategies
Four Kinds of Goals
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Mastery goals
Performance goals
Work-avoidance goals
Social goals
Interest and Emotions
• Student interests linked with
success in school
• Ensure that “interesting details” are
legitimately tied to learning
Arousal: Excitement and
Anxiety in Learning
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Arousal
Curiosity
Anxiety and effects on achievement
Coping with anxiety
Schemas: Beliefs about
Ability
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Entity view
Incremental view
Developmental differences
Effects on types of goals
Beliefs about SelfEfficacy
• Personal competence in particular
situation
• Sources of self-efficacy
– Mastery experiences
– Vicarious experiences
– Social persuasion
• Efficacy and motivation
Beliefs about Self
• Self-determination
• Learned helplessness
• Self-worth
– Mastery-oriented
– Failure-avoiding
– Failure-accepting