Think about it…
 List characteristics that define a living
organism.
 What are some medical tests/procedures
that measure these characteristics of a
living organisms?
 Distinguish between Anatomy and
Physiology.
Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
History
Characteristics of Life
Maintenance of Life
Homeostasis
Levels of Organization
Organ systems
What is the distinguishing
factor between Anatomy
and Physiology?
 Anatomy: morphology of Structures
 Forms and arrangements
 Physiology: Describes function of Structures
 What body parts do and how they do it.
 Ex: 1. Heart…
2. stomach…
3. mandible…
History
 When did the study of the Body Begin?
384 B.C.
 Aristotle: first teacher
of Anatomy
400 B.C.
 Hippocrates
 wrote many books:
 Described muscular-skeletal
structure
 attempted to describe
surgical procedures.
 Speculation NOT
experimentation
 Greek physicians spoke of 4
humors (blood, phlegm,
yellow bile and black bile)
100 AD
 Galen: Roman
Anatomist
 Specialized in Gladiator
fights
 Performed dissections as
sideline entertainment
 Little understanding of
physiology
 Books were destroyed by
Church (library at Alexadria
during fall of Roman
empire)
1600’s
 Leeuwenhook:
 first observed and
described microbes
 How was this
observation
important?
 Microbes cause
disease
Anatomy Act: 1832
 United Kingdom Act of parliament
expanded the legal supply of cadavers
for medical research and education, in
reaction to public fear and revulsion of
the illegal trade in corpses.
1850’s
 Louis Pasteur
 Microbes cause
disease
 Pasteurization of Milk
 Rabies Vaccinations
1876
 Robert Koch
 Defined ID
procedure for
pathogens
What events contributed to rapid discoveries in medicine
after 1600’s?
Other Major Advancements
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Karyotypes
Chemo therapy/ Marie Curie: Radiation
Laser Procedure
Laughing Gas: Humphrey Davy: 1880
Soft Contact Lenses: 1971
Human Genome: 1990
Dolly: The Cloned Sheep 1996
Characteristics of Life
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Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Metabolism (digestion/ Assimilation )
Absorption
Circulation
Excretion
Requirements of Life
 Water - required for metabolism, transport,
regulation
 Food - substances that provide nutrients
 Oxygen - used in the release of energy
 Heat - a form of energy which helps control
metabolic reactions
 Pressure - application of force on an object
Homeostatic Mechanisms
work to control physiological
maintenance.
 Homeostatic mechanisms: function to
maintain stable environment
 Examples
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pH
Oxygen levels
Blood pressure
Temperature
glucose
Homeostasis: Feedback
mechanisms
 Negative Feedback:
 Receives a signal in environment and then causes a
response that reverses the change
 Ex: Furnace and Hormone secretion
**Most feedback mechanisms are Negative
 Positive Feedback:
 Initial signal produces a response that exaggerates
the stimulus
 Example: milk production and blood clotting
Homeostasis in Medicine
 Homeostasis mechanisms maintain a relatively
constant internal environment, but physiological
values vary in an individual.
Normal values for an individual and the idea of
a normal range for the population are clinically
important.
Structural Levels of
Organization
What is the Smallest unit of
all matter?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cells
Organs
Tissues
Macromolecules
Atoms
Molecule
Organ system
organism
organelles
Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
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Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Integumentary System
 Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous
glands
 Protects underlying tissues
 Site of sensory receptors
 Regulates body temperature
 Synthesis of biochemicals
Skeletal System
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Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints
Body framework
Protection of vital organs
Attachment for muscles
Blood cell production
Storage of inorganic salts
Muscular System
 Muscles
 Body
movement
 Body posture
 Generation of
body heat
Nervous System
 Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
 Detect changes in the internal and external
environment
 Receive and interpret sensory information
 Stimulate muscles and glands
Endocrine System
 Glands that secrete
hormones
 Pituitary thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal,
ovaries, testis and
pancreas
 Hormones alter
metabolism in target
cells
Transport Systems
 Cardiovascular
system
 heart, arteries,
capillaries, veins, blood
 Pumps blood thru
vessels and transport of
gases, nutrients,
hormones, wastes
 Lymphatic system
 lymphatic vessels,
fluid, nodes, thymus,
spleen, lymphocytes
Protect against infection
and disease
Digestive System
 Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, small and large
intestine
 Ingestion of food
 Breakdown of food molecules
 Absorption of nutrients
http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/digestive_system.html
Respiratory System
 Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
 Movement and exchange of respiratory
gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between
air and blood
Urinary System
 Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder,
urethra
 Remove wastes
from blood
 Maintain body
water and
electrolyte
balance
 Transport urine
Reproductive System
 Male: scrotum, testes,
epididymides, vasa
deferentia, seminal
vesicles, prostate
gland, bulbourethral
glands, urethra, penis
 Female: ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, clitoris, vulva
Reproductive System
 Produces gametes,
support development
of embryo
Organ System Review
 What Organ system is responsible for production of body
heat?
 What organ (s) are found in the Skeletal System?
 What is the Function of the Lymphatic System?
 A doctor records high blood pressure (150/95) in a
patient’s chart. Which system should this doctor evaluate
more extensively?
 Provide an example of how organ systems can be
integrated? (in other words, how do some systems share
the same function?)
Lifespan Changes
 Aging is the passage of time and
accompanying bodily changes, from the wholebody level to the microscopic level.