Technical Cooperation, Europe Region, School of Drafting Regulations
Module 1.12:
Emergency Exposure Situations
Stavroula Vogiatzi
Special Scientific Personnel / Medical Physicist M.Sc.
Greece / Greek Atomic Energy Commission / Department of Licensing & Inspection
Vienna, 05 / 11 / 2014
Contents
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Emergency exposure situations - Scope
Emergency management system
Preparedness & response for an emergency
Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency
workers
• Arrangements for the transition from an emergency exposure
situation to an existing exposure situation
2
SCOPE
• The requirements for emergency exposure
situations established in Section 4, apply to activities
undertaken in preparedness for and in response to a
nuclear or radiological emergency.
3
Requirement 43:
• Emergency management system (EMS)
• The government shall ensure that an integrated
& coordinated emergency management system
is established & maintained.
4
Requirement 43:
• The government shall ensure that an EMS is established &
maintained on the territories & within the jurisdiction of the
State, for the purposes of emergency response to protect
human life, health & the environment, in the event of a
nuclear or radiological emergency.
• The EMS shall be designed to be commensurate with the
results of a hazard assessment [15] & to enable an
effective emergency response to reasonably foreseeable
events (including very low probability events) in connection
with facilities or activities.
• The EMS shall be integrated, to the extent practicable, into
an all-hazards EMS.
5
Requirement 43:
• The EMS shall provide for essential elements at the
scene, at the local, national & international level, as
appropriate, including the following [15]:
 Hazard assessment;
 Development & exercising of emergency plans &
emergency procedures;
 Clear allocation of responsibilities to persons &
organizations having roles in the arrangements for EPR;
 Arrangements for efficient & effective cooperation &
coordination among organizations;
 Reliable communication, including public information;
;
6
Requirement 43:
 Optimized protection strategies for the implementation &
the termination of measures for the protection of
members of the public, who could be subject to exposure
in an emergency, including relevant considerations for
protection of the environment;
 Arrangements for the protection of emergency workers;
 Education & training, including training in radiation
protection, of all persons involved in emergency response
& exercising of emergency plans & emergency
procedures;
 Preparations for the transition from emergency exposure
situation to existing exposure situation;
7
Requirement 43:
 Arrangements for the medical response & the public
health response in an emergency;
 Provision for individual monitoring & environmental
monitoring & for dose assessment;
 Involvement of relevant parties & interested parties.
• The government shall ensure the coordination of its
emergency arrangements & capabilities, with the relevant
international emergency arrangements.
8
GSR-Part 3
Emergency management system
(Requirement 43)
Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom
Emergency management system (Article
97, Annex XI)
Reference levels (Article 7, Annex I)
Prior information & training for emergency
workers (Article 17)
Information to the public (Articles 70, 71)
International cooperation (Article 99)
9
Requirement 44:
• PUBLIC EXPOSURE
• Preparedness & response for an emergency
• The government shall ensure that protection
strategies are developed, justified & optimized
at the planning stage &
• that emergency response is undertaken by
their timely implementation.
10
Requirement 44:
• PUBLIC EXPOSURE
• The government shall ensure that protection strategies are
developed, justified & optimized at the planning stage, by
using scenarios based on the hazard assessment, for
avoiding deterministic effects & reducing the likelihood of
stochastic effects due to public exposure.
11
Requirement 44:
• Development of a protection strategy shall include, but
shall not be limited to, the following successive steps:
 a reference level expressed in terms of residual dose
shall be set, typically an effective dose in the range of
20–100 mSv, that includes dose contributions via all
exposure pathways. The protection strategy shall
include planning for residual doses to be as low as
reasonably achievable, below the reference level & the
strategy shall be optimized.
12
Requirement 44:
 on the basis of the outcome of the optimization of the
protection strategy, using the reference level, generic
criteria for particular protective actions & other response
actions, expressed in terms of projected dose or of
dose that has been received, shall be developed. If the
numerical values of the generic criteria47 are exceeded,
those protective actions & other response actions,
either individually or in combination, shall be
implemented.
47 Table A–1 in the Annex provides a set of generic criteria
for use in the protection strategy, compatible with
reference levels within a range of 20–100 mSv & provides
further details for specific actions in
different time frames.
13
TABLE A–1 Annex
GENERIC CRITERIA FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS IN AN
EMERGENCY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF STOCHASTIC EFFECTS
Generic criteria
Examples of protective actions & other response actions
Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take urgent protective actions & other
response actions
Hthyroid
50 mSv in the first 7 days
Iodine thyroid blocking
E
100 mSv in the first 7 days
Sheltering; evacuation; decontamination;
restrictions on food, milk and drinking water;
Hfetus
100 mSv in the first 7 days
contamination control; reassurance of the
public
Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take early protective actions & other
response actions
E
100 mSv in the first year
Temporary relocation; decontamination;
restrictions on food, milk & drinking water;
reassurance of the public
Hfetus
100 mSv for the full period
of in utero development
Dose that has been received and that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take longer term
medical actions to detect & to effectively treat radiation induced health effects
E
100 mSv in a month
Health screening based on equivalent doses to
specific radiosensitive organs (as a basis for
medical follow-up); counselling
Hfetus
100 mSv for the full period
Counselling to allow informed decisions to be
of in utero development
made in individual circumstances
14
Requirement 44:
 Once the protection strategy has been optimized & a
set of generic criteria has been developed, preestablished operational criteria for initiating the different
parts of an emergency plan, primarily for the initial
phase, shall be derived from the generic criteria.
 Operational criteria, such as on-scene conditions,
operational intervention levels & emergency action
levels, shall be expressed in terms of parameters or
observable conditions.
 Arrangements shall be established in advance to
revise these operational criteria, as appropriate, in an
emergency, with account taken of the prevailing
conditions as they evolve.
15
Requirement 44:
• Each protective action shall be justified in the context of the
protection strategy.
• The government shall ensure that in making arrangements
for EPR, it is taken into consideration that :
emergencies are dynamic,
decisions taken early in the emergency response may
influence subsequent actions &
different geographical areas may have different
prevailing conditions & there may be different
requirements for the response.
16
Requirement 44:
• The government shall ensure that the response in an
emergency exposure situation, is undertaken by the timely
implementation of arrangements for emergency response,
including but not limited to:
 Promptly taking protective actions & other response
actions to avoid severe deterministic effects on the
basis of observed conditions & if possible, before any
exposure occurs. Dose levels required to be used as
generic criteria for preventing severe deterministic
effects are given in Table IV.1 of Schedule IV (p. 372);
17
TABLE IV.1. Schedule IV
GENERIC CRITERIA FOR DOSES RECEIVED WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME FOR WHICH
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE
UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMIZE SEVERE
DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS
Acute external exposure (<10 h)
ADred marrow a
1 Gy
ADfetus
0.1 Gy
b
ADtissue
25 Gy at 0.5 cm
c
ADskin
10 Gy to 100 cm2
If the dose is projected:
——Take precautionary urgent protective actions
immediately (even under difficult conditions) to keep doses
below the generic criteria
——Provide public information & warnings
——Carry out urgent decontamination
a
ADred marrow represents the average relative biological effectiveness (RBE) weighted absorbed dose to
internal tissues or organs (e.g. red marrow, lung, small intestine, gonads, thyroid) & to the lens of the eye
from exposure, in a uniform field of strongly penetrating radiation.
b
Dose delivered to 100 cm2 at a depth of 0.5 cm under the body surface in tissue, due to close contact
with a radioactive source (e.g. source carried in the hand or pocket).
c
The dose is to the 100 cm2 dermis (skin structures at a depth of 40 mg/cm2 (or 0.4 mm) below the
surface).
18
TABLE IV.1. Schedule IV
GENERIC CRITERIA FOR DOSES RECEIVED WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME FOR WHICH
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE
UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMIZE SEVERE
DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS
Acute internal exposure due to an intake (Δ = 30 d)d
AD(Δ)red marrow
0.2 Gy for radionuclides
with atomic number Z ≥ 90e
2 Gy for radionuclides
with an atomic number Z ≤ 89e
AD(Δ)thyroid
2 Gy
g
AD(Δ)lung
30 Gy
AD(Δ)colon
20 Gy
h
AD(Δ′)fetus
0.1 Gy
If the dose has been received:
——Perform immediate medical examination,
consultation & indicated medical treatment
——Carry out contamination control
——Carry out immediate decorporationf (if
applicable)
——Carry out registration for longer term medical
follow-up
——Provide comprehensive psychological
counselling
AD(Δ) is the RBE weighted absorbed dose delivered over a period of time Δ by the intake (I05) that will
result in a severe deterministic effect in 5% of exposed individuals. This dose is calculated as described
in appendix I of Ref. [29].
d
e Different
generic criteria are used to take account of the significant difference in RBE weighted absorbed
dose from exposure at the intake threshold values specific for these two groups of radionuclides.
19
TABLE IV.1. Schedule IV
GENERIC CRITERIA FOR DOSES RECEIVED WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME FOR WHICH
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE
UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMIZE SEVERE
DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS
Acute internal exposure due to an intake (Δ = 30 d)d
AD(Δ)red marrow
0.2 Gy for radionuclides
with atomic number Z ≥ 90e
2 Gy for radionuclides
with an atomic number Z ≤ 89e
AD(Δ)thyroid
2 Gy
g
AD(Δ)lung
30 Gy
AD(Δ)colon
20 Gy
h
AD(Δ′)fetus
0.1 Gy
If the dose has been received:
——Perform immediate medical examination,
consultation & indicated medical treatment
——Carry out contamination control
——Carry out immediate decorporationf (if
applicable)
——Carry out registration for longer term medical
follow-up
——Provide comprehensive psychological
counselling
f
Decorporation is the action of the biological processes, facilitated by chemical or biological agents, by
means of which incorporated radionuclides are removed from the human body. The generic criterion for
decorporation is based on the projected dose without decorporation.
g For the purposes of these generic criteria, ‘lung’ means the alveolar-interstitial region of the respiratory
tract.
h For this particular case, ‘Δ′’ means the period of in utero development of the embryo & fetus.
20
Requirement 44:
 Assessing the effectiveness of the protective actions &
other response actions taken & modifying them as
appropriate;
 Comparing residual doses with the applicable
reference level, giving priority to those groups for whom
residual doses exceed the reference level;
 Implementing further protection strategies as
necessary, on the basis of prevailing conditions &
available information.
21
GSR-Part 3
Preparedness & response for an
emergency (Requirement 44)
Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom
Emergency response (Article 69)
Emergency preparedness (Article 98,
Annex XI)
22
Requirement 45:
• EXPOSURE OF EMERGENCY WORKERS
• Arrangements for controlling the exposure of
emergency workers
• The government shall establish a programme for
managing, controlling & recording the doses
received in an emergency by emergency workers.
23
Requirement 45:
• EXPOSURE OF EMERGENCY WORKERS
• The government shall establish a programme for managing,
controlling & recording the doses received in an emergency
by emergency workers, which shall be implemented by
response organizations & employers.
• The response organization & employers responsible for
ensuring compliance with the requirements described below
shall be specified in the emergency plan.
• In an emergency exposure situation, the relevant
requirements for occupational exposure in planned
exposure situations (paras 3.69–3.116) shall be applied for
emergency workers, in accordance with a graded approach,
except as required below:
24
Requirement 45:
• Response organizations & employers shall ensure that no
emergency worker is subject to an exposure in an
emergency in excess of 50 mSv, other than:
 For the purposes of saving life or preventing serious
injury;
 When undertaking actions to prevent severe
deterministic effects & actions to prevent the
development of catastrophic conditions that could
significantly affect people & the environment; or
 When undertaking actions to avert a large collective
dose.
25
Requirement 45:
• In the exceptional circumstances previously specified,
response organizations & employers shall make all
reasonable efforts to keep doses to emergency workers
below the values set out in Table IV.2 of Schedule IV (p.
373).
• In addition, emergency workers undertaking actions as a
result of which their doses could approach or exceed the
values set out in Table IV.2 of Schedule IV shall do so only
when the expected benefits to others would clearly
outweigh the risks to the emergency workers.
26
TABLE IV.2. Schedule IV
GUIDANCE VALUES FOR RESTRICTING EXPOSURE OF EMERGENCY WORKERS
Tasks
Life saving actions
Guidance valuea
Hp(10)b < 500 mSv
This value may be exceeded under circumstances in which the
expected benefits to others clearly outweigh the emergency
worker’s own health risks, & the emergency worker volunteers
to take the action & understands & accepts these health risks
Actions to prevent severe deterministic
effects & actions to prevent the
development of catastrophic conditions
that could significantly affect people &
the environment
Hp(10) < 500 mSv
Actions to avert a large collective dose
Hp(10) < 100 mSv
a
These values apply only for the dose from external exposure to strongly penetrating radiation. Doses
from external exposure to weakly penetrating radiation & from intake or skin contamination need to be
prevented by all possible means. If this is not feasible, the effective dose & the equivalent dose to a tissue
or organ that are received have to be limited to minimize the health risk to the individual in line with the
risk associated with the guidance values given here.
b Hp(10) is the personal dose equivalent Hp(d) where d = 10 mm.
27
Requirement 45:
• Response organizations & employers shall ensure that
emergency workers who undertake actions in which the
doses received might exceed 50 mSv do so voluntarily48;
that they have been clearly & comprehensively informed in
advance of the associated health risks, as well as of
available measures for protection & safety & that they are,
to the extent possible, trained in the actions that they may
be required to take.
48
The voluntary basis for actions to be taken by emergency
workers is usually covered in emergency arrangements.
28
Requirement 45:
• Response organizations & employers shall take all
reasonable steps to assess & record the doses received in
an emergency by emergency workers.
• Information on the doses received & information concerning
the associated health risks shall be communicated to the
workers involved.
• Workers who receive doses in an emergency exposure
situation shall not normally be precluded from incurring
further occupational exposure. However, qualified medical
advice shall be obtained before any further occupational
exposure, if such a worker has received a dose exceeding
200 mSv or at the request of the worker.
29
GSR-Part 3
Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom
Arrangements for controlling the exposure
of emergency workers (Requirement 45)
Emergency occupational exposure (Article
53)
30
Requirement 46:
• TRANSITION FROM AN EMERGENCY EXPOSURE
SITUATION TO AN EXISTING EXPOSURE
SITUATION
• Arrangements for the transition from an emergency
exposure situation to an existing exposure
situation
• The government shall ensure that arrangements are
in place & are implemented as appropriate for the
transition from an emergency exposure situation to
an existing exposure situation.
31
Requirement 46:
• TRANSITION FROM AN EMERGENCY EXPOSURE
SITUATION TO AN EXISTING EXPOSURE
SITUATION
• The government shall ensure that, as part of its overall
emergency preparedness, arrangements are in place for
the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an
existing exposure situation.
• The arrangements shall take into account that different
geographical areas may undergo the transition at different
times.
32
Requirement 46:
• The responsible authority shall take the decision to make
the transition to an existing exposure situation. The
transition shall be made in a coordinated & orderly manner,
by making any necessary transfer of responsibilities
between organizations, with the involvement of relevant
authorities & interested parties.
• Workers undertaking work such as repairs to plant &
buildings or activities for radioactive waste management, or
undertaking remedial actions for the decontamination of the
site & surrounding areas, shall be subject to the relevant
requirements for occupational exposure in planned
exposure situations stated in Section 3.
33
GSR-Part 3
Arrangements for the transition from an
emergency exposure situation to an
existing exposure situation (Requirement
46)
Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom
Existing exposure situations (Articles 100,
101, 102)
34
Thank you for your attention
35