Management & Leadership
Leadership In Practice
•Salman Ahmed Awan
•Ahsan Raza
•Sawan
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What is Leadership
Traits
Tasks
Different Leadership Styles
What is Middle Management
Role of Middle Management
Organizational Structure
Six Leadership Styles
What is leadership?
1. Process of social influence
2. One person
3. Enlist the aid and support
of others
4. Accomplishment of a
common task
Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
Act of getting people together
To accomplish Goals
Using available resources
Efficiently and effectively
Managers do efficiency, leaders create change
The U.S. Army's Eleven Leadership
Principles
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10.
11.
Proficiency
Self-improvement
Know your soldiers
Keep your soldiers informed
Set the example
Task
Train
Decisions
Sense of responsibility
Delegation according to capabilities
Actions
Some Traits from Research
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Building Excellence
Character
Trust
Beliefs
Values
Skills
Honest
Competent
Forward-looking
Some Traits from Research
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Inspiring
Intelligent
Fair-minded
Broad-minded
Courageous
Imaginative
Drive
Flexible
Leadership and Management Tasks
Leadership styles
1. Subordinate participation
Authoritarian
Democratic
Directive
Permissive
2. Task/production v relation/people –oriented
3. Transactional v Transformational
Authoritarian Leadership
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Autocratic Leaders
No coordination with rest of the group
Clear division between the leader and the followers
Takes less time
“bossing people around”
Should be rarely used
Democratic Leadership
• Participative leadership
• Sign of strength that your employees will respect
– Encourage Employees
– Develop plans with employees
• Leaders encourages the decision making
from different perspectives
– Consultative: process of consultation before decisions are
taken
– Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to persuade
others that the decision
is correct
Democratic Leadership
– It may help motivation and involvement
– Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas
– Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
– Can delay decision making
Directive Leadership
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Giving directions and guidance
Schedules and time lines
Unstructured Task
Inexperienced follower
High control
Permissive Leadership
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“hands-off” leadership
Very little leadership pressure
Expected to solve its own problems and accomplish goals
Can result in confusion and lack of productivity if members
are not organized
• Common in young professionals
Combination
• Directive Democrat:
– Makes decisions participatively; closely supervises subordinates.
• Directive Authoritarian:
– Makes decisions unilaterally; closely supervises subordinates.
• Permissive Democrat:
– Makes decisions participatively; gives subordinates latitude in carrying out
their work.
• Permissive Authoritarian:
– Makes decisions unilaterally; gives subordinates latitude in carrying out their
work
TASK/PRODUCTION VS. RELATION/PEOPLE –ORIENTED
• Task-oriented style
– Leader helps subordinates figure out what is expected of them
– Manages the daily activities of a group toward accomplishing a task
– Referred to as transactional leadership
• People-oriented style
– More supportive role in providing a positive work environment
– Workers can maximize their productivity
– Referred to as participative leadership
Transactional
• ‘Transaction’
• Similar to authoritarian leadership
• Primary Characteristics Includes
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Certainty
Clear Direction
Personal oversight
Perceptions of “just” treatment
Transformational
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Charisma
The power to captivate and energize a following
“The art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations”
Primary Characteristics
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Risk Taking
Goal Articulation
High expectations
Emphasis on collective identity
Self assertion and vision
Coaching- a new form of leadership
• Involves the executive in long-term professional development
and mentoring of employees.
• Leaders who score high on the socialized-power motive prefer it
under low-stress conditions
• Leaders who create high clarity often rely heavily on the
visionary, participative, and coaching styles
• Appropriated when follower are more responsible, experienced
and agreeable.
• Provides encouragement and inspiration to help motivate the
followers.
Facing the Giants.flv
What is middle management?
Middle management is a layer of management in
an organization whose primary job responsibility is
to monitor activities of subordinates while
reporting to upper management.
Top Level
Middle Level
First Level
THE ROLE OF THE MIDDLE MANAGER?
Identification of candidates for management positions
Appointment of new managers
Introduction of new managers
Management development, in particular coaching of managers
Motivation of managers
Termination of unsatisfactory management
Can All Middle Managers Be Saved?
It will preserve its investment in these long-term employees.
It will be utilizing these valuable resources to build the company's future,
at the same time demonstrating to its employees and stockholders that it is
open to new ideas.
It will be sending a clear and important message to all of its employees
and stockholders that it is concerned not only with cutting current costs, but
in creating a real, exciting, and profitable future as well.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
Tall
Flat
What motives drive leadership behavior?
Socialized power means the leader’s strength comes from
empowering people. Studies show that great charismatic leaders are
highly motivated by socialized power.
Personalized power means that, the leader draws strength from
controlling others and making them feel weak. Personalized power is
often associated with the exploitation of subordinates.
The Six Leadership Styles
Directive
Visionary
Affiliative
Democratic
Pacesetting
Coaching
“Do what
I tell
you.”
“Come with
me.”
“People come
first.”
“What do
you think?”
“Do as I do,
now”
“Try this.”
Underlying
emotional
intelligence
competencies
selfcontrol
Selfconfidence
Empathy,
building
relationships,
Team
leadership
drive to
achieve
selfawareness
When the style
works best
to kick
start a
turn
around
when a clear
direction is
needed
to motivate
people in
stressful
circumstances
To build
buy-in or
consensus
To get quick
results
form a
motivated
team
To help an
employee
improve
performanc
e
Overall impact
on climate
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
The style in a
phrase
Most strongly
Positive
positive