Cover Slide
The American
Pageant
Chapter 27
Empire and
Expansion,
1890-1909
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
How many can you identify?
1. Growth (economy, population, industry)
2. Steel Navy
3. Colonial expansion of European powers
4. Missionary zeal
5. Darwinism
Which was most significant?
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS of
IMPERIALISM
• “Big Sister” Policy with Latin America
• “Near-Wars” 0f late 1880’s and 1890’s
– Germany, Italy, Russia, Chile, Britain
• Aggressive application of Monroe Doctrine
• Coup de’etat in Hawaii
• Yellow Journalism and the Maine explosion
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h46000/h46774.jpg
Why did McKinley call for war
with Spain?
•
•
•
•
•
Popular
Business interests
Spanish “despotism”
Maine incident
Yellow Press/jingoism
What was the purpose of the Teller
Amendment?
• Assure Cubans and European powers that
American intervention was not an “imperial” land
grab.
• stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any
disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty,
jurisdiction, or control over said island except for
pacification thereof, and asserts its determination,
when that is accomplished, to leave the
government and control of the island to its
people."
• Was it observed?
Spanish-American War
• Who had the advantage at the beginning of
the war?
– Spain had more soldiers and a bigger navy
• How did the Philippines become involved?
– UNDERSecretary Teddy Roosevelt ordered
Commodore Dewey to attack Manila
• What is the Hawaii connection to the war?
– Annexed during the war to provide base in
Pacific
Who are the Rough Riders?
regiment of American volunteers , including
cowboys, polo players, ex-convicts…and
Teddy Roosevelt
Why are they historically significant?
http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/
resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_F
rom1877ChapterDoc/ChapterIm
ages/Ch19RooseveltandtheRoug
h%20Riders.jpg
“Rough Riders” http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/img/grprord.jpg
OUTCOMES
• 400 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from
disease (60,000 Spanish casualties)
• Treaty of Paris:
-Cuba “freed”
-Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions
-Philippines purchased for $20 million
• Platt Amendment
• Increase in American prestige abroad
Platt Amendment
• What was the purpose of the Platt
Amendment?
• February 1901.
• It allowed the United States "the right to
intervene for the preservation of Cuban
independence, the maintenance of a
government adequate for the protection of
life, property, and individual liberty..."
PHILIPPINES RESIST EMPIRE
How was the Philippines different from Cuba?
• Emilio Aguinaldo
• Guerilla war
• Reconcentration camps
• Atrocities
• Americanization
CASUALTY FIGURES:
• U.S.-- 4,234 dead and 2,818 wounded.
• “20,000 military dead and 200,000 civilian dead. (approximate
numbers). Some historians place the numbers of civilian dead
at 500,000 or higher.” medalofhonor.com
US IN CHINA
Did the Open Door policy work?
Ignored by Great Powers
Boxer Rebellion - 1900
US now entangled in China
MOTIVATING
IDEAS OF
IMPERIALISM
“And one night it came to me this way-I don’t know how
it was, but it came: (1) that we could not give them back
to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2)
that we could not turn them over to France or Germanyour commercial rivals in the Orient that would be bad
business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave
them to themselves – the were unfit for self-government
and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there
worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing
left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate they
Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them,
and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as
our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. And then I
went to bed, and went to sleep and slept soundly.”
-President McKinley; reflecting on what to do with the
Philippines after the Spanish American war.
NATIONAL HONOR
COMMERCE
RACIAL
SUPERIORITY
ALTRUISM
ELECTION OF 1900
Why is the election of 1900 historically significant?
NOT because McKinley is re-elected.
-US embraces imperialism, gold standard and
prosperity)
-Bryanism/Populism is in continuing decline
BECAUSE Teddy Roosevelt is “kicked upstairs”
Roosevelt and Imperialism
(= America takes an ACTIVIST approach to foreign policy)
What were Roosevelt’s major acts of foreign policy?
•
•
•
•
•
Panama “revolution” from Colombia Nov. 1903
US Navy supports the “revolution”
Panama Canal built (1904-1914, $400 million)
US granted Canal Zone (10 mile strip)
“Big Stick” Diplomacy or “Cowboy diplomacy?”
Map: The Panama Canal
The Panama Canal
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The Panama Canal could take advantage of some natural waterways. The most difficult part of the construction, however,
was devising some way to move ships over the mountains near the Pacific end of the canal (lower right). This was done
through a combination of cutting a route through the mountains and constructing massive locks.
http://www.pancanal.com/eng/panama/gatun-lake-gaillard-cut.html
http://www.panamacanal-cruises.com/panama-canalpictures/crosssections.jpg
http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/0801307.jpg
“Big Sister” becomes “Big Brother”
Why were Latin American countries nervous of TR?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Santo Domingo
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary (preventive intervention)
a. 1905 - Dominican Republic
b. 1906 – Cuba
Roosevelt the…. Diplomat?
• 1904 – Sino-Russian War
• 1906 – TR mediates between Japan and
Russia
• TR forces Russia and Japan to compromise
EFFECT:
TR wins Nobel Peace Prize, sours relations
with BOTH Russia and Japan.
Bandana celebrating Theodore Roosevelt's Nobel Prize
Bandana celebrating Theodore Roosevelt's Nobel Prize
This souvenir bandana commemorated Theodore Roosevelt's mediation of the Russo-Japanese
War, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. The heart-shaped ribbon around
Roosevelt's portrait contains the legend, "First in War, First in Peace, First in the Hearts of His
Countrymen," a tribute first applied to George Washington. That statement explains why
Roosevelt's war exploits (at the top) were linked with his peacemaking. (Collection of Janice L.
and David J. Frent)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
1. Which writer/thinker urged the formation
of a modern steel navy and a network of
island bases?
2. Which amendment pledged that the US
would give Cuba its independence?
3. Who led the resistance to US rule in the
Philippines?
4. What is one of the nicknames for the
Roosevelt Corollary?
5. Pres. Roosevelt encouraged a revolution in
Panama from what country?