The New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt\New Deal
Brain Trust
Pragmatism
Eleanor Roosevelt
Frances Perkins
March 6, 1933: Bank Holiday
Fireside chats
First Hundred Days (March 9-June
16)
Blank check
Emergency Banking Relief Act
Glass-Stegall Banking Act, 1933
Securities and Exchange
Commission
Gold Standard
Alcohol
Civil Conservation Corps
Father Charles Coughlin
Dr. Francis Townsend
Huey Long
National Recovery Administration
Public Works Administration
Chapter 36
Schechter v. US, 1935

Sick chicken case
Agricultural Adjustment Act
2nd AAA
Tennessee Valley Authority
Second New Deal
Works Progress Administration
National Youth Administration
Social Security Act, 1935
Wagner Act, 1935
Fair Labor and Standards Act, 1938
CIO
1936 Election
Liberty League
Forgotten Man
Court Packing Bill
Court reaction
Civil rights
Black Cabinet
1937 downturn
John Maynard Keynes
Anti-New Deal
Pro New Deal
FDR: What do we have to fear?
Served from (193345)….only president
elected 4 times
Your cheating heart……
In 1918, Eleanor discovers her
husband's affair with Lucy Mercer.
Hurt and betrayed, she offers
Franklin a divorce. He declines,
but they are never again truly a
married couple . In the wake of
this devastating event, Eleanor
decides to take up her social work
again.
Ironically, this helped lead Eleanor
to search for new avenues for
expressing her emotions and
keeping herself occupied. Thus,
she became one of the most
vocal, active, and admired first
ladies in U.S. history.
Polio
FDR seemed to represent the
poor and Hoover the rich
Brain Trust
He created a Brain Trust to
help him which was a group
of professors of economics,
etc. to help figure out how to
get out of the depression
This was his own kitchen
cabinet
The depression was getting
worse after FDR was elected
in Nov. because he had to
wait until March to take
office
In 1933 the time of taking
the Presidency was changed
to January with the 20th
Amendment
Pragmatism
FDR believed in the idea of pragmatism:
value of an idea..try something whether it
works or not, but try something!
Proposed by philosopher William James
Women who helped FDR
His wife, Eleanor,
traveled the country
to find out what
people needed and
wanted, reactions to
changes, etc.
Frances Perkins was
the first woman
cabinet member: Sec.
Of Labor
A Pender County community designed by the
federal government to be self-sufficient during
the Great Depression is working together again
to preserve its history.
Penderlea was created in the early 1930s
through one of President Franklin
Roosevelt's New Deal programs,. Residents in
the community raised crops and livestock they
needed to stay alive.
The community's history dates back to 1933, when the
federal government bought 4,500 acres for $29,500.
About $1 million for the community's development
came from the Subsistence Homestead Act, designed
to develop self-sufficient communities and ease the
burden on overpopulated cities.
Penderlea's most famous visitor may have been
Eleanor Roosevelt, who came to town on June 11,
1937.
Penderlea residents leased their homes from the
federal government for $60 a year until the 1940s,
when they began buying their houses. Of 300 homes
built there when the homestead was formed, about 100
remain.
Bank Holiday and
Encouragement
FDR ordered a bank
holiday in his first days as
President
Banks would be closed and
reorganized and evaluated;
also to keep people from
taking their money out
This was drastic, but
effective
Fireside Chats
He then went over the radio (he did
this soooo well!!) to talk to the
American people (fireside chats) to
put their money back into the banks
and assured them it would be safe
Over the next few weeks, billions of
dollars came back into the banks
The New Deal had begun with a
success!
First Hundred Days
The first hundred days
(also called the First New
Deal) saw more legislation
passed in a few months
than Congress usually
passed in 2 years
Passage of New Deal
legislation; lots of acts
These relief efforts were
controlled by Congress
The First New Deal called
for relief and recovery
Money through work; not
handouts
March 9-June 16
Blank Check
Congress seemed to
have a rubber stamp to
push through FDR’s
legislation
A blank check was given
to FDR from Congress
Some powers of the
legislative branch given
to the executive branch
Pre New Deal
Before FDR had initiated his ideas, many
states had already begun to pass similar
legislation
Many western European countries saw the
US as backwards in the area of social
welfare
Emergency Banking
Relief Act, 1933
President has power to regulate
banking transactions and foreign
exchange
Glass-Stegall Banking Act
Created the FDIC

Federal Deposit and
Insurance
Corporation to insure
funds in banks
Up to $5000.00 at
first
SEC
Securities and
Exchange Commission
was set up to regulate the
stock market
It was headed by Joseph
Kennedy
Part of first New Deal
(1933)
Gold Standard
FDR wanted all gold surrendered to the
Treasury in exchange for paper money
Took the nation off the gold standard
Cause inflation
Paper money wasn’t redeemable in gold any
longer
Returned to gold standard in 1934
Gold coins became collectors items
Alcohol
Beer and Wine
Revenue Act:
legalize beer and
wine
Why?
Prohibition repealed
by the 21st
Amendment
TAXES!
More
Alphabet
Legislation
Civil Conservation
Corps was set up to
provide jobs by planting
trees, control flood and
soil erosion; to prevent
another Dust Bowl
Over 3 million people
were put to work
Low pay, free food and
a uniform….it was a job!
American Experience
Begun during the administration
of President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, the project was
originally called the "Appalachian
Scenic Highway". Work began on
September 11, 1935 and took
over fifty-two years to complete,
the last stretch (near the Linn
Cove Viaduct) being laid around
Grandfather Mountain in 1987.
Jobs of the CWA and living areas of the CCC
CCC Camp
Playground instructions
Encourage Rural people to read
Colored barracks
Radical Left Opponent
Father Charles
Coughlin
Used radio to spread
his idea of Social
Justice
Had huge audiences
until his anti-Semitism
and fascism
appeared
Dr. Francis Townsend
Retired physician who
lost his savings
Senior citizen
retirement system
60 and older got $200 a
month
Had to spend it all that
month
Promote
spending\economy
Every Man A King
Rep v Dem
Huey Long
Opponent from the radical left
Among them was Huey Long
Governor of Louisiana
Nicknamed the Kingfish
(Long’s Platform) Share the Wealth
program: a type of welfare in which each
person would get $5000 a year, division
of land, etc.
The infrastructure was built up
Made many enemies on his way to
power
He was FDR’s most serious threat for reelection in 1936
Long was assassinated in 1935 at the
Louisiana State House
National Industrial Recovery
Act
Created the NRA (National Recovery Admin.) to set up industry
codes of business to control child labor, eliminate unfair business
practices, set minimum wages, etc.
It also helped to limit production so producers would make a profit
Some had the symbol in their business, but didn’t follow the rules
PWA
Public Works
Administration
which used the idea
of priming the pump:
spend money to
create jobs
Thousands were put
to work building
bridges, hospitals,
airports, etc.
Schechter v. US, 1935
Sick chicken case
Congress couldn’t
delegate legislative
power to the executive
branch
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(AAA)
Paid farmers to plant less
and destroy some crops they
already had to raise prices
It worked as prices did
slowly rise, but also led to
unemployment
Hog farmers were paid to
slaughter 6 million hogs
Many upset at the waste, but
prices rose and farmers
were happier
Challenges to the New Deal in
the Courts
Some didn’t like the power of the New Deal and the
AAA and the NRA would be challenged in court
and overturned
Some said FDR did too much, others said too little
The NRA was declared unconstitutional saying it
gave legislative powers to the executive
It was reworded and renamed by Congress and
two new acts were passed
The AAA was also challenged and more power
was given to the states in regulating farmers
Challenges to the AAA
The AAA was challenged in
the Supreme Court also
and had to be reorganized
The new 2nd AAA called for
parity
Crops would no longer be
destroyed, but stored until
they reached parity (a set
price) and then the crops
would be sold and farmers
could pay their debts
Tennessee Valley
Authority
This was one of the most longest lasting parts of
the New Deal
It effected a 7 state area and led to the
construction of dams, power plants, created
jobs, fought erosion
It improved living conditions and the economy
in this area
Some people were upset at the federal government
for trying to compete with private industry, but many
in rural areas were happy to have jobs and
electricity; neither of which they had before
Who controlled this relief effort?
It would also be used as a yardstick to measure
fair prices for electricity
TVA
The Second New Deal begins
1934
The first New deal had put 4 million people to work, but
that still left 10 million unemployed
In 1934 the Democrats gained power in Congress and
began to help FDR employ this Second New Deal which
focused on reform
When a man is getting over an illness, wisdom dictates
not only cure of the symptoms, but removal of their
cause
Works Progress Administration
Headed by Harry Hopkins
Create as many jobs as
possible as quickly as possible
From 1935-41 an average of 2
million jobs a year were filled
building bridges, airports,
schools, washing govt.
buildings, sweeping pigeon
droppings, sewing garments
for the needy, etc.
WPA: The Arts
The most controversial part
of the WPA was the funding
of artists, theaters, etc.
Many felt the money could
be better spent elsewhere
20% of the WPA budget
went here
It paid composers, artists to
paint murals, give free
concerts, free plays, etc.
Why was this important?
National Youth Administration
Set up to provide
children with aid
and employment
Provided
organized sports,
etc.
Black and white
divisions of the
NYA
Social Security
Social Security Act, 1935 was passed as a
pension for retired workers, unemployment
systems, disabled
It had the greatest impact on the average citizen
Congress Reorganization
Wagner Act, 1935
After the NIRA (NRA) was
deemed unconstitutional, it
was reorganized by Congress
Wagner Act:
National Labor Relations Act
Listed unfair business
practices
Union use of collective
bargaining
National Labor Relations
Board (heard worker’s
grievances)
Govt. on the side of unions
Fair Labor and Standards Act,
1938
National minimum wage and work week
.25 to .40 an hour
44 to 40 hours a week
No one under 16 in factories
First time a national minimum wage was set
New Deal allowed unions to grow
No reforms in health insurance
Unions made gains during the New Deal
Committee for Industrial
Organization
Not like the AFL
Allowed unskilled workers
Allowed minorities
Used sit-down strikes
Merged with the AFL in 1955
1936 Election
Blacks begin to vote
democrat
Why?
Republicans began
to challenge New
Deal legislation
FDR would win the
election
Liberty League
Wealthy Republicans and
Conservative Democrats
to fight socialist New Deal
legislation
Alfred Landon and the
Republicans won only 2
states
Democrats retained a
majority in Congress
FDR won support from
the “Forgotten Man”
Those who received jobs through the New
Deal
Don’t bite the hand that feeds you
“No one shoots Santa Clause”
Much support from new immigrants, Jews,
Catholics
Court
Packing Bill
Some saw it as a violation of
checks and balances
Who would appoint them?
Why would he want to do this?
In 1937, FDR attempted to
reorganize the Supreme Court by
adding more judges
He wanted to pass a law that
would allow him to appoint a new
justice for everyone on the bench
currently over 70…new blood
Falsely accused the court of
falling behind on their work
Results
Court packing failed
and turned some
against FDR
Some see it as an
attempt at dictatorship
by FDR
FDR eventually
appointed 7 new
justices
Results of the Court
Packing
Little New Deal legislation
passed after 1937
Republicans gained more seats
in Congress
Civil Rights
FDR was never fully behind civil rights
Needed Southern Democratic support
Many blacks did benefit from New Deal
jobs and other legislation
Black
Cabinet
FDR did value his
Black Cabinet
Black leaders who
advised FDR on black
issues and problems;
advised in racial issues
One of the main
organizers was Mary
McLeod Bethune
Even though D.C. was a
Jim Crow town, the
Roosevelt’s didn’t show it;
inviting black leaders to
the White House for
dinner, etc.
Marion Anderson was
refused the right to sing at
Constitution Hall by one
group in D.C. and Eleanor
Roosevelt let her sing at
the Lincoln Memorial
instead
She was a famous opera
singer at the time
Other minorities made
gains: Hispanics, Indians
(gained citizenship in
1924)
1937
Downturn
The New Deal didn’t get rid of the
depression (1933-37) but was
relieved until 1937
The downturn was
somewhat caused by
New Deal policies
Social Security tax
Cut back on govt. spending
Trying to keep a balanced budget
John Maynard Keynes
English economist
Running on a
deficit is ok!
It was like priming
the pump
Anti New Deal
Too socialist
Wasteful
Contradicting
Crackpot professors
Debt increased 19 to 40
billion in 7 years
Didn’t end the depression
Expanded the bureaucracy
Less govt. interference in
business
Pro New Deal
First time the federal govt.
took responsibility for
economic well being of its
citizens
Expanded the power of
the federal govt.
Built the infrastructure of
the US
Avoided collapse of the
capitalist system in the
US
Reform without
rebellion or revolution
FDR was attacked from the
left for not being liberal
enough and from the right for
being too liberal
•In the 1936 Berlin Olympics, he won four gold medals:
•100 meter dash in 10.3 seconds (tying the world
record)
•long jump with a jump of 26' 5 1/4" (Olympic
record)
•200 meter dash in 20.7 seconds (Olympic record)
•400 meter relay (first leg) in 39.8 seconds
(Olympic and world record)
•Showed Nazi Germany and Hitler that they were
not the “supreme race”.