LINKAGES backwards; Berlin Blockade/Airlift, Marshall Plan,
Atom bomb, Iron Curtain
LINKAGES forward; Nuclear arms race
CONSEQUENCE; NATO = consequence of the Berlin Blockade/Airlift,
Warsaw Pact = consequence of NATO
How did NATO and the Warsaw Pact develop
superpower relations between 1949-55?
Learning Focus
1. To Identify the objectives of NATO
2. To critically assess NATO’s impacts
3. To consider the importance of the
arms race in the development of
the Cold War
Unit 1:The
Cold War –
Key Topic 1
Reading Comprehension
Read through page 20 and answer the following
questions.
• Why was NATO established:
• Who was involved in NATO:
• What was it’s purpose:
• When was it created:
• How did it mean to achieve its aims:
• Why was its formation significant:
Interpretations:
Source Analysis and Evaluation
Source B
Source C
• “Like others, my country has
had forced upon it the task
of fighting two world wars
against aggression within a
quarter of a century. Today
will bring a feeling of relief.
At last democracy is no
longer a series of isolated
units.”
• Ernest Bevin speaking on
the formation of NATO
• “The North Atlantic Treaty is
not about self-defence of
states. These states are not
threatened by anyone and
no one intends to attack
them. On the contrary, the
Treaty has an aggressive
characteristic and is aimed
against the USSR.”
• Soviet protest not on the
formation of NATO
Reading Comprehension
Read through page 20 and answer make a
comparison between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
•
•
•
•
•
Who was involved in the Warsaw Pact:
What was it’s purpose:
When was it created:
How did it mean to achieve its aims:
Why was its formation significant:
Reading Comprehension
Read through page 20 and answer the following
questions.
• Why was the arms race an important feature
of the Cold War? ( what did it include)
• When did both the USA and USSR develop
nuclear bombs?
• How did hydrogen and other weapons
develop?
• Why was the arms race significant?
Unit 1:The
Cold War –
Key Topic 1
Hungary under Soviet rule: liberation
and oppression?
1.
2.
3.
Learning Focus
To Identify the effect of Soviet rule on Hungary
To critically assess the causes and consequences of
“de-Stalinisation”
To consider the impact of the Hungarian revolt of 1956
Recap:
Context
What is the
greatest danger
to the USSR?
1946: all eastern European
countries (aside from Greece and
Czech) communist
• Cold War starts with Churchill’s
Iron Curtain Speech
1947: Truman Doctrine and
Marshall Plan
• Cominform created
1948: First conflict of the Cold War;
Berlin Blockade and airlift
• Comecon created
1949: East and West Germany
created
• NATO created
Notes:
Problems in Hungary
• 1949-56: Hungary led dictator, Matayas Rakosi
– Stalin’s ‘best pupil’ or the ‘Bald Butcher’
• Restrictions imposed
• Hungarians resented;
– censorship/lose of freedom of speech
– Russian language used
– Control by Soviet troops and officials
• Even worse, had to pay for Soviet troops!
• Lived in fear of the secret police
– Cominform had imprisoned 5% of Hungarians
Understand: Move around the room to compete the
class ‘story board’
Hungary under Soviet Control
Khrushchev's Secrete Speech and October 23 1956
Imre Nagy become Prime Minister
4 Nov 1956
Russian Tanks in Budapest
American Reponses:
Be able to: Consequences of Hungarian Uprising
1. Hundreds of tanks went into Budapest and
probably 30,000 people were killed. To flee the
expected Soviet reprisals, probably 200,000 fled to
the west leaving all they possessed in Hungary. This
served to increase the tension between the two
superpowers.
2. Nagy was tried and executed and buried
in an unmarked grave. By November 14th,
order had been restored. Kadar was put in
charge. Soviet rule was re-established. The
Americans had given them no them options.
This sent a clear message to the rest of the
Eastern Bloc that despite the change in
leadership = no challenge or dissention
would be tolerated.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3. President Eisenhower of USA said "I feel
with the Hungarian people." J F Dulles,
American Secretary of State, said "To all those
suffering under communist slavery, let us say
you can count on us." But America did nothing
more. So why did Europe and America do
nothing except offer moral support and
condemn Russia ?
What was the
impact of the
uprising?
Because of the geographic location of Hungary, how could you actually help without resorting to war? (Unlike
Korea) Both sides in the Cold War were nuclear powers and the risks were too great. Any economic boycott of
the Soviet Union would have been pointless as Russia took what it needed from the countries it occupied.
The Americans offered $20 million worth of aid to Hungary and allowed 80,000 Hungarians refugee status. USA
officially condemned the invasion but nothing more. Many European left their respective Communist parties.
Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden boycotted the Olympic Games in 1956 in protest.
The limits of USA involvement was now clear – it stopped at military intervention.
The Suez Crisis, which took place at the same time, was considered far more important and of greater relevance
to the west than the suffering of the Hungarians. Hence why Britain, France and America concentrated their
resources on this crisis.(Echoes of ‘self interest’ of the 1920s?)
Exam question
Explain why relations between the Soviet Union
and the USA changed in the years 1943-1956.
(13 marks)
You may use the following in your answer.
- Roosevelt’s death
- The effects of the Truman Doctrine
You must also include information of your own