Name: ______________________________________ Date: ______________ Pd: ___
Chapter 8 Summary Notes
Keep this copy of notes in your binder!!
From DNA to Proteins
8.1 Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
Scientist
Key Points: What was their most SIGNIFICANT role in
identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
Griffith
Avery
Hershey &
Chase
8.2 Structure of DNA
**Remember: The two forms of nucleic acids are DNA & RNA**
Write the full name of DNA here: ____________________________
DNA is a polymer. The monomer for DNA and RNA is a _______________.
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The three parts of a nucleotide are:
1. _____________________
2. _____________________
3. _____________________
 Label the parts of the nucleotide on the figure below.
 Complete the figure below by drawing AND labeling 2 covalent bonds.
(Refer to pg. 233 in your textbook)
What are the Five Nitrogen Containing Bases (for both DNA & RNA)
List them in the boxes below; include the FULL name and the abbreviation.
Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine
Purine
Purine
Hint: Only Found in
RNA
Watson & Crick identified the shape of DNA as a __________ _________.
**The bases in DNA always pair the same way **
________ always pairs with ________
________ always pairs with ________
This pattern is known as the _________ __________ rule.
2
If the sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is C T G T A the other DNA
strand will be G A C G A T.
What sequence of bases would pair with the sequence T G A C T A?
_____________
8.3 DNA Replication
Replication is the process by which _______ is copied during the ________
____________.
What is an enzyme? __________________________________________
How does DNA polymerase help to form DNA?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
**At the end of replication, two identical molecules of DNA are created**
Steps of Replication:
Existing
Molecule
Unzipping
Nucleotides
Added
Two DNA
molecules
formed
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Looking Ahead:
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA here:
DNA
RNA
The Central Dogma States that information flows in one direction, what is
it?
What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
RNA Type
Function
1.
2.
3.
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8.4 Transcription
What is transcription?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Fill in the blanks below for the table that summarizes the Central Dogma
Process
Location
Start  End Products
Replication
nucleus
mRNA  protein
______________ _____________ are enzymes that bond nucleotides
together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule.
Which nucleotide is present in RNA that is not present in DNA? _________
**The bases in RNA always pair the same way **
________ always pairs with ________
________ always pairs with ________
If the sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is TAC-CGA-ATT the newly
TRANSCRIBED mRNA strand will be AUG-GCU-UAA
*Remember, there is no Thymine (T) in RNA*
Transcribe the DNA molecule below, Use strand 2 as the template:
Strand 1 TAC-ACG-TTA-CAA-CAA-ACT
DNA
Strand 2 ATG-TGC-AAT-GTT-GTT-TGA
mRNA
A
_____________________________
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8.5 Translation
What is translation?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
mRNA
Segment
AUG CUU
A CODON is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.
Circle the 1st codon on the mRNA segment above.
Amino Acids are the monomers for the polymer ___________.
Which form of RNA is responsible for “carrying” amino acids? _________
Which form of RNA is responsible for “linking” amino acids? __________
Which RNA molecule is the location for the anticodon? _________
*Anticodon is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA
codon.
Complete the figure below by using Figure 8.13 on pg. 244 in your textbook.
Amino
Acid
tRNA
AUG
CUU
AGU
UGA
Transcribe the DNA molecule below, Use strand 1 as the template:
Strand 1 TAC-ACG-TTA-CAA-CAA-ACT
DNA
Strand 2 ATG-TGC-AAT-GTT-GTT-TGA
mRNA _______________________________
Use your mRNA strand, to determine the tRNA anticodons.
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tRNA ________________________________
8.7 Mutations
A __________ is a change in the organism’s DNA.
GENE MUTATIONS:
What is a point mutation?
_________________________________________________________
What is a frameshift mutation?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
*The two types of frameshift mutations are __________________ &
______________________.
Use the DNA Strand GAT-CTA-ATT to:
1. Create a point mutation ____________________
2. Create a frameshift mutation-insertion ______________________
3. Create a frameshift mutation-deletion _______________________
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS:
What occurs to chromosomes in each of the following mutations?
1. Gene duplication
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. Gene translocation
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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*Mutations in somatic cells are not passed to offspring. Mutations in
gametes are passed on to offspring*
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