Period 5
1844-1877
Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the
world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western
Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other
countries.”
• Manifest Destiny
• Opens issue of slavery
expansion
Reasons to go West
• Economic and religious
• California gold rush- 49ers
• Homestead Act- 160 acres of land to anyone who lived on and
cultivated for 5 years = mass movement west after Civil War
• Pacific Railway- constructed a railroad to Pacific Coast
• Mormons- After founder Joseph Smith killed in 1844, Brigham
Young led Mormons to Utah to escape persecution
• Mexican-American War= Mexican Cession
• Debates over slavery
• Free-soil party
• Compromise of 1850 & popular sovereignty
Impacts of Western
Migrations
• Hispanics and American Indians
• Mariana Vallejo-Mexican leader in CA supported American
control; helped transition CA from Mexico to US
• Sand Creek Massacre (1864) - CO militia attacked Cheyenne and
killed over 100
• Little Big Horn- (Custer’s last stand)- Natives attacked and killed
Custer and all his men
Looking to expand trade
beyond its own borders
• Asia- economic advantages
• Clipper ships- fast moving sailing ships allowed to open trade
with Asia
• Commodore Matthew Perry- US naval commander who played
key role in opening Japan to West
• Missionaries in China
Key Concept 5.2 “Intensified by expansion and deepening
regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic,
cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.”
• Slavery debates in newly acquired territories intensified
sectionalism
• Abolitionism
• Publications (William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator)
• Underground RR
• Secret network of northerners helping fugitive slaves escape; Harriet
Tubman ‘Moses’
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Harriet Beecher Stowe; bestseller; abolition
movement increases; British public anti-slavery
South’s response to
abolitionism
• Peculiar Institution- Southern term for slavery; slavery
seemed too harsh of a term
• John C. Calhoun- S. Carolina; argued in favor of slavery;
states’ rights;
• Minstrel shows- entertainment of white performers in
blackface; Jim Crow popular character
Attempts to solve slave debate
in West
•
Wilmot Proviso- proposed to ban all slavery from acquired Mexican territory- opened
slavery debate
•
Compromise of 1850• CA free state
• Popular sovereignty in NM and UT
• Stronger fugitive slave law
• End slave trade in DC
• Settled TX border dispute
•
Kansas-Nebraska Act- KS and NB open to popular sovereignty; leads to Bleeding Kansas
•
Dred Scott v. Sandford- Af-Am. not citizens but property; property protected anywhere
in US
•
Freeport Doctrine- S. Douglas; territory could exclude slavery by creating laws that
made it impossible
•
Harper’s Ferry- federal arsenal in VA; John Brown hoped to capture and lead slave
rebellion- failed and hung for treason
New Politics
• Republican Party- 1854; formed after the Whig party split over KSNB Act; Northern and Western party; oppose extension of slavery
into W.
• Lincoln-Douglas Debates- series of debates; Douglas won senate;
thrust Lincoln into national spotlight
• Election of 1860- led to Southern secession
• Lincoln- Illinois Republican- no slavery in new territories
• Crittenden Compromise- failed effort at protecting slavery south of
36 30; compromise not supported by Lincoln
• S. Carolina secedes
• Confederate State of America- Jefferson Davis
Key Concept 5.3 “The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested
Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession,
but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal
government and citizenship rights.”
• North v. South
• North
• Manufacturing and huge pop. growth- Immigrants
• Conscription
• Opposition- NYC draft riots “rich man’s war but poor man’s fight”
• South
• Agriculture (cotton) and slow pop. Growth
• Conscription
• Opposition- some farmers refuse to fight
Why did the Union prevail?
• Military leadership
• Grant, Sherman, total war
• Strategies
• Anaconda Plan
• Greater resources
• Industrialized North
CW altered power relationships between states and
federal gov’t and among branches… and leaving largely
unchanged social and economic patterns
• Emancipation Proclamation- abolish slavery in all rebelling
states.; purpose of the war was changed
• 13th amendment- abolish slavery
• 14th amendment- citizenship
• 15th amendment- manhood suffrage
Reconstruction- “largely unchanged
social and economic patterns.”
• Sharecropping- freedmen worked on farms and exchanged labor for
using land and housing
• Had to borrow $ to get started
• High rates
• Usually perpetual debt
• Black Codes
• Laws passed in S. states after CW restricting rights and activities of
blacks; define status as inferior to whites
• Civil Rights Act of 1875• Prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation and
businesses open to public- S. Court declared this unconstitutional in
1883
• Freedmen’s Bureau- federal agency to aid former slaves in transition
to freedom
Reconstruction cont’d
• Radical Republicans- opposed moderation or conciliation
toward the South; supported civil rights for freed slaves; tried
to limit presidential power and increase congressional power
• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
• Robert Smalls- former slave; served in House of Reps.
• Hiram Revels- Miss. minister; 1st Af-Am to serve in Senate
• Carpetbagger- derogatory term used by white southerners to
describe northerners who came to the South after the CW
• Scalawag- derogatory term used by white southerners to
describe other white southerners who cooperated with the
Republican Party during Reconstruction.
Reconstruction cont’d
• KKK- secret organization in South after CW used violence
and intimidation factors to restore southern white power
• Redeemers- Southern Democrats who brought the
Democratic Party back to power; suppressing Black
Reconstruction
• Plessy v. Ferguson- separate but equal
• Local tactics- poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests
Women’s rights during
Reconstruction Era
• Divided women’s rights movement
• Frederick Douglass- favored black suffrage prior to women’s
suffrage
• Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth C. Stanton, Victoria Woodhullfeared women woulnt get suffrage for a long time.